Politics-Administration Dichotomy: A Century Debate Essay

IntroductionOne of the near beta conjectural constructs in overt brass section is the authorities- electric pig wave- bug issueicle duality. For more than than a century, the regime organisation wave- dissipateicle duality has been mavin of the most disreputable Issues in the field of habitual plaque. The regime- garbage disposal wave-particle duality has had a strange history in national memorial tablet. It expands and contracts, set ups and f each(prenominal)s, still never to go away (Svara & Overeem, 2006 121).At the heart of the exoteric tribunal is family amid executive directors, on one hand, and politicos and the usual on the new(prenominal) hand.The nature of that relationship and the proper grapheme of governanceal lead and administrators in the administrative and semi form _or_ system of government-making impact buzz off been the subject of massive debate. In importance of the political apprehension and tribunal, Waldo (1987) wroteNoth ing is more central in thinking just more or less general memorial tablet than the nature and interrelations of governance and court. Nor argon the nature and interrelations of political sympathies and formation matters simply for academic theorizing. What is more important in the day-today, year-to-year, decade-to-decade operation of brass than the ways in which government and government atomic number 18 conceptualized, rationalized ,and related one to the other.12PH.D student of general disposition, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. PH.D student of macrocosm formation, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.130ADMINISTRAIE I MANAGEMENT existence 17/2011Politics- governing wave-particle duality A atomic number 6 fightIn this article we re see to it history of the governing- governing body duality in five-spot section. First, we examine unblemished conceptualizations of relationship amidst politics and formation in early authors spirits a good deal(prenominal) as Wilson, Goodnow and weber. We consequently cope that how the wave-particle duality good example rise by and byward fo down the stairss by the scientific charge and the principles of administration Movements.Then, we describe relationship between politics and administration after scientific direction that in this time the politics-administration dichotomy rejected and emphasise on administrators form _or_ system of governmentmaking region, speci associate infra the youthful existence administration (NPA).In bordering section we contend that how in 80 and 90 decades insisted on interval of insurance and administration by the sassy exoteric Management (NPM) and the Reinventing giving medication (RG) Movements. In final section, we refreshen new trends and views on debate that sit the complementarily dumbfound of politics and administration.1. Early views about the politics and administration relationship Wilson, Goodnow and WeberAlthough the politics-administr ation dichotomy was non current as a theoretical construct until the late 1940s when it first base became an important recognize forward in the literature of worldly concern administration, most scholars now trace it to Woodrow Wilson. Wilsons set about (1887) with title of The Study of judicial system was non cited for many years after commonplaceation, that it is an exemplar of an stream of reformist thinking about government in the late nineteenth century.Wilson intended to shield administration from political interference, He wrote The field of administration is a field of business. It is removed from the hurriedness and strife of politics. Administration lies outside the proper sphere of politics. administrative questions are non political questions. Although politics sets the tasks for administration, it should not be suffe florid to set up its offices (Wilson, 1887 18). Wilson was point with both the corrupting and politicizing interference of society organizat ions in administrative affairs (Stillman, 1973).He was critical of the way Congress handled core legislative functions. He stated that Congress insurance making was haphazard and its heedlessness was weak. When Wilson suggested the clearer diverseiation of politics and administration, he was seeking to strengthen and re drop behind the fountain while protecting the latter (Svara, 1998 52). In The Study of Administration, Wilson let offed the division of functions of organization as fol embarrasseds domain administration is precise and agreementatic motion of public law and the general lawsare obviously outside of and preceding(prenominal) administration. The broad plans of governmental action are not administrative the detailed carrying out of such(prenominal) plans is administrative (Wilson, 1966 372).ADMINISTRATION AND universal MANAGEMENT 17/2011131Politics-Administration duality A ampere- bite DebateHowever, Wilson originally considered politics and administration as independent, only when afterwards embraced version of the dichotomy, which assumed that politics and administration interact to improve the organic state (Martin, 1988).In this time Wilson casted that administrators would straight off interpret and respond to public opinion. Therefore, they should be involved in the insurance constitution mathematical process and choose officials should be involved in the administrative process (Wilson, 1966 375).Wilsons shift of mind can be explained that On the one hand, He admired the administration of European countries and proposed learning from them, which would not have been possible unless administration was distinctly know away from politics. On the other hand, his net concern was to promote state, for he rememberd that the function of administration was to rescue democracy from its avow excesses (Yang & Holzer, 2005 113-4).Miewald (1984 25-6) contend that this view of administrators was even clearer in Wilsons later lect ures that stated the real function of administration is not merely ministerial, but adaptive, steer, discretionary. It moldiness accommodate and realize the law in dress. In Miewalds view, such administrators also were politicians and they must have the freedom to become ethical decisions. vanguard Riper (1984 209) asserted that Wilson can not be blame or give credit for originating the dichotomy.In his view, Wilson like some of his contemporaries, simply cherished to advance the partisan (not political) neutrality of the obliging service. Svara (1998 52) argue that Wilsons view of the administrative function was broad and not consistent with the dichotomy model as it came to be articulated later. He refer to this Wilsons note that large powers and unhampered discretion seem to me the indispensable conditions of responsibility for administrators.The European version of the dichotomy was accepted by F grade Goodnow. In his arrest Politics and Administration (1900), Goodnow a ttacked to the executive, legislative, and judicial functions as three basic functions of government. Instead, he argued, there were deuce basic functions of government the expression of the popular volition and the proceeding of that go out. The three traditional powers were derived from the dickens functions, and each of the three branches of government combined in different measure boththe expression and the execution of the popular go out. Goodnow argued that the function of politics was to express the states will and the function of administration was to execute the states will. He at ease that it was analytically possible to crack up administration from politics, but practically impractical toad the twain functions to one branch of government (Goodnow, 1900 9-13). Goodnow argued that certain aspects of administration were harmed by politics and should have been shielded from it.He argued political mark off over administrative functions is liableto produce inefficie nt administration in that it makes administrative officers feel that what is demanded of them is not so much work that will improve their own department, as compliance with the behests of the political party (Goodnow, 1900 83).132ADMINISTRAIE I MANAGEMENT macrocosm 17/2011Politics-Administration Dichotomy A ascorbic acid DebateSvara (1998 53) believed that in Goodnows writing there is a persistency between the political and administrative spheres, not a disengagement of the two, tho as it applies to insulating administrative staff from partisan political inference. Beca recitation of Goodnow and other scholars at this time were interested in strengthening the relationship between administrators and elect officials rather than separating them. In sum, It should be recognized that Wilson and Goodnow aspireed to eliminate the spoils system by freeing administration from political intervention and establishing a merit system in its place.They detailly opposed political appointm ents and patronage (Caiden, 1984 53-7 Fry, 1989 1036 Rohr, 2003 xiii-xvii Rosenbloom, 2008 58). They were more concerned with the improvement of administrative practice than with establishing a theoretical Construct (Stillman, 1973 586). In other word, the dichotomy was not merely an analytical device for them, but first of all a practical imperative. To Wilson and Goodnow politics bore too strong an influence on public administration.Theirs aim was to concentrate politics out of administration (Fry,1989 1036-7). In early twentieth century, Weber also arrived to a dichotomy between politics and administration, but from the oppositeness direction of Wilson and Goodnow. Weber argued that politics are too weak to gibe administrative power, and that is the danger of Beamtenherrschaft (government by functionaries) that treat government. Therefore, he insisted that it was essential that administration stay out of politics (Weber, 1919/1968 28). In Politikals Beruf Weber draws a curt line between administrators and politiciansAccording to his proper vocation, the genuine civil handmaidshould not engage in politics, but administer, supra all impartially. Hence, he shall precisely not do what the politician, the leader as sanitary as his fol littleing, must always and necessarily do, namely, fight. For partisanship, fight, passion are bowling ball are the politicians element. (Weber, 1919/1968 27-8)According to Weber, in the political controversies public administrators should operate above all impartially and remain politically neutral. In sum, It should be said that in founder s views it was partisan politics they wanted to keep apart from public administration rather than politics per se (Van Riper, 1984 209 Ranney, 1949).Overeem (2005 317) contended that in its clearal conceptualizations the dichotomy between politics and administration implied a deep concern about the political neutrality of administrators. Whether attempts were made to take politics out o f administration, as in the showcase of Wilson and Goodnow, or the other way around, as in the case of Weber, the aim was always to render administration impartial, an outsider to political controversy.ADMINISTRATION AND state-supported MANAGEMENT 17/2011133Politics-Administration Dichotomy A carbon Debate2. Toward the dichotomy raise of the politics-administration dichotomyconcept after foundersYang and Holzer (2005 114) believed that in deciphering Wilson and Goodnow, practitioners and academicians incorporated their own beliefs and reconstructed (or distorted) the two authors intentions. This misreading, they argued, is no surprise because in light of the continuous tense context Openness to the separation of administration from politics was necessary if public administration was to emerge as an autonomous field, an urgent and legitimate billet at a time when politics perversely intruded into administration, as exemplified by the spoils system.There is agreement that the id ea of separation between politics and administration (Dichotomy) diverged from the earlier flakes by Wilson and Goodnow. Van Riper (1984 209) argue that Wilson and Goodnows ideas do not correspond to a dichotomy. Waldo (1948 108), Appleby (1949 16), Golembiewski (1977 9), and Caiden (1984 60) also have same views.Rabin and Bowman (1984 4) message that the trait between politics and administration identified by Wilson and Goodnow had been reborn by mid-thirties authors into a dichotomy. Martin demonstrates the thinking of the thirties as follows In the atmosphere provided by scientific management, amechanistic concept of public administration came to prevail widely and in important circles. Administration was disjointed severely from the legislative body. Politics was anathema-not the politics practiced by administrators, but the politics of the politicians (1952 667). According to Caiden (1984 60-1), in the thirties, there was a narrower initiation of administration as being the management of organizations without regard to purpose, persons, or objectives, that is a generic science of management. Because of the purpose and methods of the two spheres were different, not only could administration be taken out of politics, but politics could be taken out of administration.Thus, the dichotomy model and the scientific practice of administration became the dominating modes of inquiry in this time. Demir and Nyhan (2008 83) note that the politics-administration dichotomy sought to minimize politics in public administration by prescribing expertise, neutrality, and hierarchy. This determine more than of all was insisted in the thirties. Van Riper (1984 209-10) also argued thatbetween, 1910 and 1950, there did in the literature and practice of public administration a kind of distance between politics and administration.The need for a sharp division was justified to permit scientific methods to be established, and these methods both closed off administration to the untrained politician and at the same time made the administrator an expert who was above politics. In Gulicks view, the politics and administration were differentiated not in terms of principle, but in terms of specialization and the division of labor. He notedThe reason for separating politics from administration is not that their combination is a violation of a principle of government. The 134ADMINISTRAIE I MANAGEMENT PUBLIC 17/2011Politics-Administration Dichotomy A Century Debatereason for insistence that the elected legislative and executive officials shall not interfere with the details of administration, and that the rank and file of the permanent administrators shall be permanent and skilled and shall not monkey with politics, is that this division of work makes use of specialization and appears to give better results than a system where such a differentiation does not exist. (cited by Waldo, 1948 124)Summarizing such views, It should be said that the dichotomy mod el was not a direct idea identified by founders of public administration but a transformation of those ideas to make them part of the mechanistic approach that dominated in the twenties and thirties. The idea of strict separation (dichotomy model) was part of scientific management and the principles of administration that aban dod starting 1940 and replaced by ideas that exclamatory interaction between politics and administration.3. Interaction between policy and administrationAlthough in the thirties some of authors such as Gaus, White, and Dimock had been arguing that administrators should have a role in policymaking, but During the 1940s the dichotomy dominated the field of public administration.In the late 1940s and early 1950s, The politics-administration Dichotomy was increasingly criticized, came under attack and was rejected by many authors. Waldo (1948 128) reviewed the extensive literature of the issue and concluded that any simple division of government into politics and administration is inadequate. He notedAs the 1930s advanced, doubt and dissent amplifyd. In the1940s refutation and repudiation came to the fore. By the 1950s it had become parking lot to refer to the politics administration dichotomy as an outworn if not pathetic creed (1987 93).We can see the most criticism in Applebys work. In Policy and Administration (1949), Appleby identified politics as everything having to do with the government and everything the government does. Thus, he concluded, administration could indeed not be no part of it (1949 3). In Applebys view, it is impossible to draw a hatchingful institutional distinction between politics or policy and administration.Any issue dealt with in the hierarchy of government is regarded as policy by those who operate below the level at which it is settled, and as administration by those operating above that level. If an issue becomes more controversial, it will rise in the hierarchy and, thus, will be seen as policy by a grea ter number of functionaries and as administration by a smaller number of functionaries.Appleby noted that in the perspective of an outside perceiver or the public administration theorist, policy and administration are handle together at every level (1949 22). Thus, whether an issue is policy or administration becomes completely relative policy and administration are only two sides of the same coin, ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC MANAGEMENT 17/2011 one hundred thirty-fivePolitics-Administration Dichotomy A Century Debateand there is no use in speaking about them as two distinct governmental functions. Appleby concluded that public administration is not autonomous, exclusive or set-apart but is policy making nonetheless (1949 170). He alsodid draw a horizontal line between partisan politics and other forms of politics Everything having to do with the government and everythingthe government does is political, for politics is the art and science of government. But in terms of mass, only a small part of politics is partisan (1949 153).In the 1960sthe role of administrators in policy-making process emphasized because of governments was increasingly troubled by complex social, economic, and security problems such as civil rights and poverty. This tendency was string then din the 1970s, when the Vietnam War, Watergate, and the pushing crisis all had an impact on the balance between politics and administration.Because of the political nature of administration was highlighted, and the dichotomy denounced as false, many believed that administrators should actively do their personal values and judgments to policy-making (Yang & Holzer, 2005 116).One of reasons for rejecting separation of politics-administration was due ethical considerations that were unequivocal in the advanced exoteric Administration (NPA).Frederickson (1976), with aware of the need of public organizations to administrative values such as efficiency and economy, emphasized that values such as equity, ethics, responsiveness, participation, and citizenship should be considered. He argued that this democratic values should be executed by administrators as responsible individuals. Administrators for the first time were asked to utilize their personal value judgments in public decision-making. Therefore, politics and administration could not to be separate of each other. 4.Return to the dichotomy separation of policy and administration Some of authors believe that in the 1980s observe a sideboard to the dichotomy with emphasize on privatization, decentralization and productivity (Uveges & Keller, 1997).This authorise continued in the 1990s under the Reinventing Government and the reinvigorated reality Management (NPM) Movements.The Reinventing Government by emphasize on need to change administrators role from rowing to steering reincarnated the dichotomy in five ways distinguishing between policy and management, extending it from the inner workings of government to the body poli tic, freeing administration from political looks in the form of red tape, redefining right, and specifying congressional action as politics and presidential action as management (Carroll, 1995).Separation policymaking of policy-implementation also supported by the New general Management. Hughes, one of the NPM proponents, notes humanity organizations do things governments now want to know what they do how well they do it who is in charge and taking responsibility for results. The simple way of achieving this is to let the manager manage. Meaning that senior manager would themselves136ADMINISTRAIE I MANAGEMENT PUBLIC 17/2011Politics-Administration Dichotomy A Century Debatebe responsible for the achievement of results rather than being an administrator. Disaggregate anion call backs splitting large department into different parts by setting up agencies to deliver serve for a small policy department. In some ways disaggregation could be seen as a reversion to the ideas of Woodr ow Wilson with anorganizational split between policy and administration in the division of policy departments and agencies (Hughes, 2003 62-5).According to Christensen and Laegreid (2001 96-101)The economic way of thinking in NPM points to an almost generally accepted axiom that it is more efficient to separate political and administrative functions than them structured, as traditionally has been the case in most countries.The argument is that a division between these functions makes it clearer that they are different functions with different actors that is the politicians should set the goals and the civil servants implement the policies. They believed that One argument in favour of a sharper division between politics and administration is that an integrated solution makes politicians vulnerable to influence and pressure from civil servants, that civil servants exist to invade the political sphere and that a stricer separation of functions makes it easier to control the civil se rvice.TheSlogan let the managers manage, meaning discretion for managers and boards and not too much daily interference from the political leaders. The implication of this slogan is that chief executives are better at managing and therefore should be given the discretion and probability to do so, thereby reducing the burden on the political leadership and, through a sharp division between politics and administration, increase political control.Christensen and Laegreid argued that through devolution and contracting, NPM has sought to separate policy-making more clearly from policy administration and implementation. Policy makers make policy and then delegate its implementation to managers and hold them accountable by contract. 5. Reconceptualization of dichotomy two dichotomiesIn recent two decades, some of authors have critic to the classical conceptualization of the politics-administration dichotomy and attempt to reconceptualize it. Montjoy and Watson (1995 232-3) Argue that some of Wilsons statements for certain do advocate a separation of politics and administration, but what would mean in practice depends upon the definitions of the key terms.They point out that Wilson actually dealt with two different types of politics, one focused on partisanship and patronage, the other on policy making. Wilson Clearly wished to separate patronage politics from administration and Whether he advocated a dichotomy of policy making and administration is another issue. disregardless of what he wrote in The Study of Administration, the implications of his later work are required administrators were politicians they must have the freedom to make ethical decisions.ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC MANAGEMENT 17/2011137Politics-Administration Dichotomy A Century DebateMontjoy and Watson believe that much of the confusion about politics and administration comes from Goodnow. They ask that was Goodnows dichotomy between politics and administration or between policy making andadmini stration, or were politics and policy making interchangeable for him?They raise an interpretation of Goodnows work base on the assumption of two dichotomies a conceptual dichotomy between policy and administration and an institutional dichotomy between politics and administration. Montjoy and Watson assert that Goodnow used both politics and policy to refer to the expression of the popular will and administration to refer to the execution of that will.They ask Does politics mean patronage or does it mean policy making, or are the three concepts indistinguishable? They argue that the issue may lie in the definition of politics that Goodnow offers in the stemma of Politics and Administration The act or vocation of guiding or influencing the policy of a government through the organization of a party among its citizens-including, therefore, not only the ethics of government, but more especially, and often to the exception of ethical principles, the art of influencing public opinion , attracting and marshalling voters, and obtaining and distributing public patronage, so far as the possession of offices may depend upon the political opinions or political services of individuals (Goodnow, 1900 19).Montjoy and Watson content that this statement yields two important points. First, politics is definition ally limited to that part of the policy-making process, the act or vocation of guiding or influencing the policy of a government, which is accomplished through a particular method, the organization of a party among its citizens. Second, the application of that method explicitly includes patronage.They call up of Goodnows expression of the public will as the entire policy-making process, including elections. Politics is that part of the process related to political parties. Therefore, they state, we are left(a) with two dichotomies. The first is conceptual, dividing the functions of government into the expression of a will and the execution of that will. The second is operational, the doctrine that the filling of administrative offices (those primarily concerned with execution of the will) should not be used by candidates to attract support in the contest for electoral offices.Another argument about reconceptualization of the politics-administration dichotomy has been done by Overeem. Overeem (2005 318-22) draw adisti nction between two types of politics partisan politics and policy politics and state that in these two different types of politics, the wager are different. In partisan politics the stakes are the powers to make decisions (votes and offices), whereas in policy politics the stakes are the contents of those decisions. man administrators can have an involvement in the latter, but not in the former. In brief, public administrators cannot (and should not) be excluded from the kind of politics that is inherent to policy-making, but they can (and should) be excluded from politics that has a more partisan character. Overeem explain that in its mid-twentieth century reconceptualization, the politics-administration dichotomy was not so much 138ADMINISTRAIE I MANAGEMENT PUBLIC 17/2011Politics-Administration Dichotomy A Century Debatethickened in its intensity as it was broadened in its scope. The Dichotomys critics suggested that its intention had been to keep administration not merely out of (partisan) politics, but out of the making of policy as well. Often, the dichotomys critics took what had been conceptualized as a contrast between politics and administration for the parallel, alternative, and from time to time synonymous dichotomy between policy and administration.Indeed, the two dichotomies were more and more taken as synonyms. Overeem conclude that public administration contrasts with two dichotomy 1) politics-administration dichotomy and 2) policyadministration dichotomy. He assert that later should be rejected but former should be accepted.6. New trends complementarity of politics and administration We w ill get through our argument with focus on a new model about politics and administration relationship that named the Complementarity Model. Svara (2001 179-80) explain that the complementarity Model of politics and administration is based on the premise that elected officials and administrators join together in the common pursuit of sound governance. Complementarity entails separate parts, but parts that come together in a mutually supportive way.Complementarity stresses interdependence on with distinct rolescompliance on with independence respect for political control along with a commitment to shape and implement policy in ways that promote the public interest deference to elected incumbents along with adherence to the law and support for fair electoral competition and apprehension of politics along with support for professional standards. Svara believe that Complementarity recognizes the interdependence and trilateral influence between elected officials and administrators.El ected officials and administrators maintain distinct roles based on their unique perspectives and values and the differences in their formal positions, but the functions they recreate necessarily overlap.The figure of bellow show different parts of Complementarity Model. The first part is the political dominance that results from high political control and low administrative independence is the condition that has been attacked by reformers from the Progressive Era to the present because of their concern for loss of administrative competence and the potential for political corruption. The second part is Bureaucratic autonomy that is feared by critics of the administrative state, who argue that administrators are self-controlling and advance agency interests rather than the public interest.In both situations, Svara explain, each the level of control or independence is extreme, and the key reciprocating value is not present Politicians do not respect administrators, or administrator s are not committed to accountability. The third part is the combination of low control and low independence, producing a live and let live attitude among officials. Svara believe that the dichotomy model, which is based on extremely separate spheres, would logically fit in this category.ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC MANAGEMENT 17/2011139Politics-Administration Dichotomy A Century DebateElected Officialsdegree of controlLow bluestandstill orlaissez-fair semipolitical DominanceLowComplementarityAdministratorslevel ofindependenceHighPolitical respectadministrativeCompetence andcommitmentAdministrators are committed toaccountability andresponsivenessBureaucraticautonomyFigure1. Understanding the interaction between Politicians and Administrator (Svara, 2001, 180)The final part that is the largest space in figure is the partition off of complementarity. Svara argue that most interactions among officials reflectcomplementarity, and evidence from local governments in 14 countries supports this generalization. Although in earlier times there was greater emphasis on subordination of administrators linked to greater reliance on hierarchy as an organizational principle, interdependence and reciprocal influence are common and longstanding.A condition that presumably was common earlier in the century, high accountability and moderate independence, would fit in the upper-left corner of the complementarity quadrant, whereas recent experience with moderate control and extensive administrative initiative would be in the lower-right corner. Svara assert that Complementarity Model entails ongoing interaction, reciprocal influence, and mutual deference between elected officials and administrators.Administrators help to shape policy, and they give it specific content and meaning in the process of implementation. Elected officials oversee implementation, probe specific complaints about misfortunate performance, and attempt to correct problems with performance through fine-tuning.C onclusionsThe purpose of this article was to review literature of the politicsadministration dichotomy. In order to, the authors view about issue on different time periods was argued. The issue of politics and administration is one of the most important issues in public administration as Denhardt introduce dates one of the five main issues in public administration (Denhardt & Baker, 2007 121).Therefore, that is not to be false if we say that the politics-administration dichotomy is the important part of the public administration identity. Thus, awareness of its history can be hard-hitting in properly understand the field of public administration and rightly recognition its problems.There are a number of reasons why the dichotomy idea has persisted. It is convenient to explain the division of roles in terms of total separation because it is 140ADMINISTRAIE I MANAGEMENT PUBLIC 17/2011Politics-Administration Dichotomy A Century Debateeasier to explain than a model based on sharing r oles, particularly since the separation model does not limit the actual policy contributions of administrators in practice. At the same time, the dichotomy idea shields administrators from scrutiny and serves the interests of elected officials who can pass responsibility for less-traveled decisions to administrators (Peters, 1995 177-8). In founders view of public administration, politics and administration should be separated. But, it must be notice that their intention was to remove political interferes of public administration practices. It can be say that founders never clearly rejected the role of public administrators in policy making.They simultaneously emphasized on separation and insulation of administrators from political interference, on one hand, and interaction and incorporation of administrative contributions in the design and the implementation of public policy, on the other hand. Wilson and Goodnow as founding fathers of the field never advocated the dichotomy attri buted to them (Golembiewski, 1977 Rabin and Bowman, 1984 4 Rohr, 1986 31 Van Riper, 1984 209-10), It was after them and under the scientific management and the principles of administration movements that separation policy-making of policyimplementation favored and accepted. Under this movements the strict version of separation was formed.After the classic public administration and under the new public administration approach and because of need to values such as equity, ethics, responsiveness, participation, and citizenship the role of administrators in policymaking was emphasized. In this time, Because of the political nature of administration was highlighted, and the dichotomy denounced as false, many believed that administrators should actively apply their personal values and judgments to policy-making.In 80 and 90 decades under the Reinventing Government and the New Public Management Movements observe a return to the dichotomy. Reinventing Government by introduce rowing and stee ring metaphor emphasized on Separation of policy-making and policy-implementation by freeingadministration from political controls and distinguishing between policy and management. NPM, also, through devolution and contracting has sought to separate policy-making more clearly from policy administration and implementation. Policy-makers make policy and then delegate its implementation to managers and hold them accountable by contract.Nowadays, it is widely regarded both unfeasible and undesirable to keep politics and administration apart and their relationship is presently depicted as complementary rather than dichotomous (Frederickson & Smith, 2003 15-40 Riggs, 1987 Svara, 1998, 1999, and 2001 Svara & Brunet, 2003). Svarapresent the idea of complementarity as a conceptual framework that includes differentiation along with interaction as an alternative to the dichotomy.The Complementarity model is based on conditions for maintaining the distinction between politics and administration , while at the same time describing how the two are intermixed and prescribing values for preserving this complex relationship.ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC MANAGEMENT 17/2011141Politics-Administration Dichotomy A Century DebateReferences1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.APPLEBY, P., 1949, Policy and Administration, Tuscaloosa University of Alabama Press.CAIDEN, G. E., 1984, In search of an apolitical science of American public administration. In Politics and administration Woodrow Wilson and American public administration Rabin, J. and Bowman, J. (Eds.), (pp. 51-76). New York wave Dekker.CARROL, L. jam, D., 1995, The Rhetoric of Reform and Political Reality in the National cognitive operation Review. 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