The Truth Within a Myth Essay example - 1177 Words

The Truth Within a Myth Sir Thomas Malory described a small fraction of the myth surrounding the Holy Grail, in his book, Le Morte DArthur. In the The Sangreal, Sir Malory gives an in depth account of The Knights of the Round Tables quest for the ever famous gilded cup. However, the tale of the Holy Grail does not begin nor end there. Within Christianity the form of the Grail is debatable, and throughout society the truth of the Grail is questionable. In Le Morte DArthur, Sir Thomas Malory describes a quest in which the Knights of the Round Table search and fight for the Holy Grail. This quest is particularly trying. As King Arthur said himself, My lords#8230; never again shall our complete fellowship be assembled at this†¦show more content†¦The most well known [account] is that Joseph#8230; left Jerusalem and sailed to France. Joseph [then]#8230; sailed to England where he set up the first Christian church at Glastonbury. Some legends#8230; tell of him bringing the Cup to Glastonbury, which to this day is still associated with the Grail Legends. (Theories about Grail). Although the golden chalice is the most recognized Christian Grail, there is a multitude of other theories concerning its true nature. Some believe that the Grail is actually the bloodline of Christ. This is because the word used for Grail changed subtly many times (Theories about Grail). It is thought that one of the words used, can be split to mean Royal Blood (Theories about Grail). Scholars, such as Walter Stein, have been investigating the possibility of Jesus siring a child or children with Mary Magdalene. These scholars have deduced that Christs bloodline was mixed with those of the thrones of Europe sometime during the Merovingians dynasty. There are [now] at least a dozen families in Britain and Europe today#8212;with numerous collateral branches who are of Merovingian lineage (Holy Blood Holy Grail / Messianic Legacy Connection). Therefore it is believed that Christs genetic descendants are walking among people of today. The Grail is also thought to be a stone or large emerald that fell from Lucifers crown as he was cast out of heaven. This emerald is said to have been the source of hisShow MoreRelatedTeamwork Myth808 Words   |  4 Pagesstart to question many of the lessons we were taught as a child and we find them to be nothing but a myth. Our textbook describes at least six-myth involving teamwork and we will identify why it is a myth and the actual reality in teamwork. Our textbook describes the following as myth regarding teamwork and there is some truth to each of the myths but that doesn’t mean it’s completely true. The first myth states that ‘teams are harmonious people’, which mean that people in a group compromises their needsRead MoreTraditional Tales As A Reflection Of Culture1217 Words   |  5 Pageshumans. The importance of myths being traditional tales and a reflection of culture displays the civilization and society of a myth and its truths. Human culture conserves historical records within the human language. It is known that humans were telling tales quickly after they developed the ability of speech, resulting in important supernatural events and dates to be told before the present day. To begin with, traditional tales are known for being an oral tradition within storytelling allowing severalRead MoreNon-Cognitive Language Causes More Problems Than It Solves. Discuss944 Words   |  4 Pagesusually emotive based, meaning to a crowd with the most effective success. Examples of Non-Cognitive language are things such as myth, analogy and symbol. All of which are non cognitive because they convey meanings or truths in an indirect manner, in an attempt to avoid issues such as â€Å"loaded language†. Myth is a â€Å"symbolic, approximate expression of truth†. An example of a myth that achieves this is the parable of the Good Samaritan, it conveys a man whom is helped by a friendly neighbour after a beatingRead More Creation In Mythology Essay703 Words   |  3 Pageshuman beings have the tendency to seek out the reasons and truths of the phenomena that occur around us, and our desire to achieve answers has not hindered our exploration of human existence. We tease ourselves by asking the most simplistic questions: why are we here; how did we come to be; who created our world? And as our minds seek into the unknown and force us to develop the theories of our origins, the human hunger for reason and truth begs to differ. Stories have collected throughout the generationsRead MoreAnalysis : The Panther Panel On The People Of Chauvet 1732 Words   |  7 Pagesin Chauvet can tell us the impact of the environment on the people of Chauvet. This is especially seen within the image provided due to the emotion and care to detail and motion provided within the image. The religious aspects of the culture of the people in Chauvet can be represented as well as their potential fear to the outside world or even interest in the animals that surrrounded them. Within the panther panel the emotion and aggression in the panthers can be observed. The fear of animals wasRead MoreHum 105 WORLD MYTHOLOGY Essay779 Words   |  4 Pagesthe word myth used pop ularly? For example, what does the statement, â€Å"It’s a myth† mean? In contrast, how is the word myth used in the academic context? After considering the definition in your textbooks and course materials, write a definition in your own words. The word myth is used most popularly in tales and stories. These tales and stories have been passed down from generation to generation and are based on some truth, but mostly an idea or common theme. The statement â€Å"It’s a myth† means thatRead MoreThe Myth Of The Film The Bourne Identity 1484 Words   |  6 PagesA myth is an unproved or untrue belief that is used to justify a social institution. The idea that a positive attitude can stave off cancer is a myth. As humans, we generally want to make sense of the world around us, myths help us to do this therefore they are compelling. Myths arise because we have a desire for easy answers and quick fixes for problems. For example, the idea that if we sleep more we will lose weight is appealing because it is straight forward, therefore people are quick to supportRead MoreMyths and Religion Essay899 Words   |  4 PagesWhen this word â€Å"myth† is used, the term is usually related to a fable, invention or a fiction story. Over the years, many scholars started approaching the study of myth differently. These scholars have approach myths in a way their meaning was traditionally regarded. In many traditions these myth are true stories and never refer to as false stories. ( http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/grecoromanmyth1/a/whatismyth.htm ) In many of tradition, a myth carries within it a sense of sacred traditionRead MoreExplaining Diversity Essay1090 Words   |  5 Pagesbiological factors are the main determinants of individual behavior. This theory is greatly reliant on a culture looking for a direct cause and effect relationship between the genetic makeup of humans and social ability. Like this belief, the Origin Myth in Malanowskis Magic, Science, and Religion explains how a certain Indonesian culture, namely the Trobrianders, explains their creation by using stories, experience and presentation. They argue there was an underworld world previous to life on EarthRead MorePolitical Poetry by Margaret Atwood Essay1035 Words   |  5 Pagesindictment is readily apparent, close reading reveals a brilliant poetic foundation comprised of nuanced language, double-meanings, and a metaphorical structure that satirically lambasts American exceptionalism by skewering the individualist cowboy myth with imagery from its own construction. In short, Atwoods poem succeeds as a political statement because she allows the demands of exceptional poetry to drive its articulation. From the outset, Atwood chooses language that economically expands the

Essay Jewish Resistance to the Nzi Holocaust - 922 Words

Despite all of these internal and external factors contributing to a lack of Jewish resistance to the Holocaust, there was resistance in existence in many forms; the resistance that did occur must not be diminished or overlooked. When considering the definition of â€Å"resistance†, historians divide themselves on what this entails; some believe it to be only active, armed resistance attempts, while others define it more liberally. According to Yehuda Bauer, resistance entails â€Å"any group action consciously taken in opposition to known or surmised laws, actions, or intentions directed against the Jews by the Germans and their supporters.† Considering resistance with a broad definition such as this ensures that the efforts made at resistance†¦show more content†¦This symbolic form of resistance is placed within Bauer’s definition of resistance in that it entailed group demonstrations and protests actively opposed to the Nazi regime. Non-violent resistance began to evolve as the Jews were transported to the concentration camps. Upon their initial arrival in the concentration camps, inmates attempted to aid each other in various ways, such as by giving those that were extremely malnourished extra food or attempting to lessen the workload on those that were weaker by taking their place; these acts, although not aimed directly against the SS, were simply keeping one another alive. These acts can be considered under Bauer’s definition of resistance in that the groups’ motives in sustaining themselves as a whole was in direct opposition to the central idea of the SS to break down and destroy the Jewish population. These acts also helped lead to the later active, armed resistance in that they helped to keep inmates alive and maintain their strength, as well as providing them with a will to resist. As the Jews became aware of their imminent extinction, resistance continued to evolve, taking a more direct form in instances of escape and sabotage. There were instances of Jewish escape from concentration camps; two Jewish prisoners successfully escaped from Dachau in 1933 and later publicized what was occurring in the camp. However, instances of escape were

A Dream Free Essays

The soft soil squeezed through the holes in my boots as I stood upon the sorrowful shore. The day was wild the clouds dark and heavy, taunted me with the threat of rain. The trees blew from side to side like flags waving in the breeze. We will write a custom essay sample on A Dream? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ocean not to far from where I stood, was beating upon the shore with military precision bearing deep into my soul. The forest stretched away from me, as far as I could see taunting me to enter into its hidden safety†¦ away from it all†¦ away†¦ from what I had done. My mind now centering painfully on the memories that sent me running to this droned hollow place, realizing what I had done†¦ the true horror of it, turned my mind psychotic while jumbled and baffled thoughts overloaded my memory†¦ it was plain even to me, I just didn’t want to believe it†¦ but it was real, it was true. I stood there contemplating what I had done, thinking of everything that would happen to me†¦ everything I lost the moment I did it, It made me sick, it made my heart skip beats, I collapsed onto the mud at the edge of the forest. I almost fainted right there†¦ I looked into the dark tangle of forest knowing what I had to do. The forest taunted me yet more†¦ seeming to watch me†¦ stare at me, almost waiting for me to enter so it could devour me†¦ destroy me. In the distance I could see a small dim light tear through the black velvet night inside the forest. I watched as it grew nearer†¦ swaying from side to side, my heart beat faster and faster my thought becoming more rampant and wild. The light almost upon me now, knowing I should run†¦ but I couldn’t†¦ I simply couldn’t†¦ I froze, I could not move nor breath. My legs throbbed with pain, my feet bursted with soars, my mind was to wild to let me move. Suddenly the light came upon me, there stood a heavy, sturdy, strong looking man. His presence sent a chill of awe through my spine. I could not make out a face, he wore a thick overcoat, his body was motionless†¦ not a twitch†¦ nothing, he held a simple flashlight in his hand and nothing in the other. Some questions arose in my mind to what he was doing here†¦ unarmed, almost seeming completely unprepared except for his flashlight. Suddenly realizing just how much I should run I sprang to my feet and shot into the forest as if it was my only way to live, I stumbled through the branches and twigs while they tore away at my clothes and face, the clouds without any warning burst out in rain, I was soaked in an instant yet still found the strength to run on. I ran for what felt like an eternity, I turned to look if the man was behind me†¦ there was nothing†¦ not a glint of light†¦ nothing, just the sound of the rain beating down on the trees, hanging spindly on the leaves before dropping to the ground. I stared, wondering if the man had even attempted to chase after me†¦ after all, if he did he wouldn’t have given up like that†¦ he would have at least stopped and looked for me with his flashlight†¦ but there was nothing. I laid there on the ground for a few moments to catch my breath, and turned to run again, as I stood to start running there he was†¦ the very same man†¦ with the very same light, in the very same clothes†¦ I felt a sharp pain of terror like a bullet ripping through my bones, I stood in silence for what seemed hours. The man raised his arm, flashlight in hand up to his face†¦ I screamed I almost fainted there but something inside me urged me to stay up. I could not believe who it was that stood before me†¦ I felt my blood freeze. I woke†¦ in my bed, with a cold sweat, I was tired, my legs ached. It was raining outside, the ocean waves still beat upon the shore with their same drone tune, I was sweating and out of breath. Was it real?†¦ or just a dream? How to cite A Dream?, Papers

An Invasion of Haiti is Averted by Accord To Resto Essay Example For Students

An Invasion of Haiti is Averted by Accord To Resto Essay re AristideAn Invasion of Haiti is Averted by Accord To Restore Aristide1993- President Clinton needed a significant foreign policy victory to boost his sagging political career, and Haiti seemed to be the perfect opportunity to do this. 1994- Even after a year of frenzied negotiations no tangible results were in sight and the perfect opportunity seemed to be turning in to yet another nightmare for the President. However , this was not to be and President Clinton turned near defeat in to a resounding victory, with the help of former president and skilled negotiator, Jimmy Carter. September 19, 1994- Today the threat of invasion is over and, a society (American society) that doesnt rest comfortably with the burdens of imperialism can breathe easy. American troops will enter Haiti as peace keepers and not as members of an invading force. In order to arrive at a peaceful solution several concessions had to be made by U.S government negotiators and Haitian dictator, General Raoul Cedras. 1) The U.S government let General Cedras and his cohorts save face by allowing the military junta to step down, after their parliament passed a general amnesty for the military. If this had not happened the U.S government would have had to oust the ruling party by using force, and this would have made the junta look bad. 2) The U.S agreed to lift the economic sanctions imposed on Haiti as soon as possible. 3) The U.S also dropped its insistence that General Cedras and two of his military commanders leave the country. On its part, the Haitian Junta agreed to hand over power to the democratically elected government of exiled Haitian leader, Jean-Bertrand Aristide. The key to solving this complex problem was former President, Jimmy Carter. All through the crisis, Jimmy Carter stayed in direct contact with General Cedras, who he had come to know well while acting as an independent election- observer during the Haitian elections in 1993. Carter knew the situation on the ground and offered to act as a go-between. However, White House officials declined his offer initially. This was partly because they were upset that Carter had publicly disagreed with some of the current administrations policies as regards North Korea. When negotiations between the U.S and the Haitian government broke down, President Clinton went on national television and announced that United States armed forces would soon invade Haiti. This move wasnt aimed at ending negotiations but at making a last ditch attempt to arrive at a peaceful solution. The ploy worked and a worried General Cedras indicated that he was still willing to negotiate. At this point, Clinton could have ref used to talk and gone ahead with the invasion but, he kept the channels of communication open and played his trump card. He brought in Jimmy Carter who he knew Cedras respected. Cedras, who might have been uncomfortable with some of the other U.S negotiators would at-least be willing to hear Mr. Carter out, if not as an envoy of the U.S government perhaps as a personal friend. This approach worked , Cedras realized the futility of opposing the army of the strongest nation in the world and agreed to step down of his own accord, setting the conditions mentioned earlier. It was important that at no point did President Clinton say he wasnt willing to negotiate. Even when he announced the impending invasion he did not say that he was shutting down the channels of communication. General Cedras on his part was open minded and was at least willing to listen to what President Clintons envoys had to say even after the President announced plans of the invasion. If Cedras was not interested in negotiating, he would have shut down his borders and refused to receive President Clintons envoys. In the end, all parties came out winners. The United States managed to remove the Junta, General Cedras stepped down from power on his own terms, the people of Haiti got peace and President Aristide was restored to power. Words/ Pages : 680 / 24

Salvation by Langston Hughes free essay sample

Salvation is defined as the deliverance from sin and its consequences. In a Christianity sense, salvation is when a person accepts the Lord Jesus Christ as their savior, and they believe the fact that he died for the sins of Christians. The term of salvation is often referred to as being â€Å"saved†. Salvation is when one delivers not only their body in a physical to the church and God, but it is also a committee to Jesus mentally and spiritually. Getting saved can be a very pressuring and life changing decision. That is sometimes forced upon young adolescents. Ultimately it can cause one to question their spiritually sometimes even damaging their belief in Jesus. In Langston Hughes’ Salvation, he illustrates his first experience on being saved at the ripe age of just thirteen. Hughes’ pressuring experience ultimately caused him to scrutinize his belief in Jesus. In Salvation the initial tone he used let the reader know the author has a cynical standpoint toward salvation. We will write a custom essay sample on Salvation by Langston Hughes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hughes starts out by saying â€Å"I was saved from sin when I was going on thirteen. But not really saved. † This lets the reader know off the bat, that his feelings were dubious. The pressure he felt on having to be saved could have provoked these feelings. Doubt should be the last thing in ones mind when it comes to salvation, it should be a firm decision. If someone is going to make a lifetime commitment to someone or something, it better be a confident one. According to the Bible ones relationship to God should be one of which that is equivalent or exceeds marriage. The tone Langston Hughes set initially was timid. Hughes’ still had questions about salvation. Langston believed his Aunt Reeds promise that when were saved Jesus himself came down in the flesh and welcomed one into salvation. Hughes’ Aunt Reed tells him â€Å"when you were saved you saw a light, and something happened to you inside! And Jesus came into your life! And God was with you from then on! She said you could see and hear and feel Jesus in your soul. I believed her. † Langston really did believe her and felt in his mind that when salvation came to him he’d experience Jesus in a physical human form. This is not case, when someone is save God comes to you spiritually and mentally but not in the physical. Langston whole misconception of this concept of being saved ultimately causes he to believe his decision to be save was a deceitful one. In return damaging Langston belief in Jesus and the true meaning of salvation. The pressure of seeing all his other peers also played a major role in his decision. His fear of being â€Å"left all alone on the mourners bench† incited him to become saved. When he witnessed the last boy on the bench go fourth and be saved, Langston suddenly felt the pressure of the whole church come down on him. Especially that of his Aunt Reed, she sobbed to Langston Langston, why dont you come? Why dont you come and be saved? Oh, Lamb of God! Why dont you come? This was the last straw this pressure eventually caused Langston to get saved out of deceit. When Langston tried to go to bed that night his feelings of dishonesty had overcome him. He cried not tears of joy but tears of regret and confusion â€Å"But I was really crying because I couldnt bear to tell her that I had lied, that I had deceived everybody in the church, that I hadnt seen Jesus, and that now I didnt believe there was a Jesus anymore, since he didnt come to help me. He cried because he felt in his heart that he lied to his Aunt Reed and the whole church. Langston felt just as I did as a young adolescent with my first encounter with salvation. I was raised in Christian family, went to a Christian church my whole life so I know the pressure young adolescents face when it comes to salvation. I was baptized as a child but my relationship with God weakened, as I grew older. When I was 15 I made an attempt to get back into church, but just as Langston my choice to become saved was a deceitful one as well. The only reason I began to go to church initially was because of my girlfriend whose parents were stringent Christians. So every time Pastor Lacey would open the door of the church to new member at the end of each service and it seemed as if the entire church’s eye were on you, I felt the same pressure Hughes did. Until that one Christmas Eve service the pressure became overwhelming, and I let my need to please others overcome me making a truthful decision to be saved. My girlfriend’s parents, two of the most spiritual people I know to this day, also played a major role in my decision. I felt like they use to interrogate me every Sunday about â€Å"coming to the fold† as Langston would refer to it. Eventually, just as Hughes the pressure became overpowering. This experience unlike Langston caused me to strengthen my relationship with God. I felt like if I was going to create a relationship with God it had to be a truthful and committed one. A lot of people misconstrue the concept of salvation just as Langston Hughes. When one turn his life over to God and saved them, that decision should be a decision that is well thought over. At a young age this can be a very persuasive decision. A lot of times being forced into; or making the wrong decision about being saved can impair one belief in God. This story does an excellent job in conveying that message to the reader. The author use of vivid imagery of the church, the church members, and even tone made it easier for the reader to extract the meaning and his feeling just as he felt them. If Langston Hughes had been true to himself, he would have been living a lie. Ultimately Salvation the story would have never came about.

My Building-Block Approach to Writing a Novel

My Building-Block Approach to Writing a Novel My Building-Block Approach to Writing a Novel Dan Burns is the author of A Fine Line and Recalled to Life. He is also an award-winning writer for the screen and stage. In this article, Dan talks about overcoming the â€Å"where do I start?† question that plagues many writers at the onset of their career. His advice for overcoming that doubt? Start small, and see where your story takes you. Stop asking, â€Å"Where do I start?† and just startMany people talk about being a writer but have difficulty actually getting started. Writing is hard, and often the ideas are there but the approach is elusive. Where do I start?  I get that: it’s scary to put yourself out there and not see your ideas pan out the way you want them to. That’s why I recommend starting small and building on an idea over time. This approach helps me maintain my status as a working writer and overcome roadblocks. If putting your ideas out there scares you, start small and build your story slowly. As for Sebastian Drake, he continues to bug me to write as his story still has so much room for growth. I can only imagine where he’ll take me next.A Fine Line  is available in hard cover  and on  Amazon Kindle.For more information, visit Dan Burns' website.Please  share your thoughts, experiences, or any questions for Dan Burns, in the comments below!

CRJ 422 Week 5 paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

CRJ 422 Week 5 - Term Paper Example sed on the institutions that allow people to live fulfilling lives and be active contributors to the well-being of the society (Carlisle, Jackson, & George, 2006). The concept of social justice can be traced to the ancient western civilization through the work of philosophers and majorly centered on the work of Plato. In his writings, Plato acknowledges that for a well functional and operational state, all members of the community must be assigned specific tasks and duties in accordance with the classes where they belong. The essence of social justice in this ancient era was to ensure that all members of the society contribute significantly to the well-being of the community. Assigning of tasks and duties to all members of the society in the form of employment ensures that everyone was economically stable thus reducing incidences of crimes and injustice in the society. Aristotle on the other hand conceived the notion of distributive justice. According to Aristotle, distributive justice required that assets and services within a society were to be distributed to all members of the society based on merit and without discrimination in relation to creed, race or gender. In the American society, the concept of social justice took a significant role in the 20the century particularly in the fields of politics and philosophy. During the 20th century, some of the principle concerns of social justice were the action of the Supreme Court to strike down state passed legislation on eight hour a day work and the right to join a trade union. The action of the justice system was thus seen to be targeting the disadvantaged in the society by oppressing the poor workers. In this era, most of the employees in industries where black Americans thus inhibiting the employees to join trade unions was equally an aspect of discrimination especially against the black America ns (Cambron-McCabe, 2005). Social injustice in the American society has been pointed to be on the rise thus leading

A Simulated Research Study Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A Simulated Study - Research Paper Example This data is clustered monthly, giving 60 data sets. The analysis will determine the descriptive statistics for the two sets of share data, determine the correlation and regression between the data and use a t-test to test for significance. Finally, the paper will explain the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for the two sets of data. The first part of the paper will present an introduction to the two companies and provide an overview of the statistical techniques to be used. The paper will then provide an explanation for the methods used in collecting the data, after which the methodology for the paper is explained. The paper will then present the results of the analysis, followed by an analysis of each statistic in the summary outputs presented in the paper. Table of Contents Name i Abstract ii Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Data Collection 3 Data Analysis 4 Results 5 Descriptive Statistics 5 Correlation 6 Regression 6 T-test 7 ANOVA 7 Discussion 8 Introduction The sof t drinks industry is an industry that has the biggest competitive presence in the global industry. Currently, the industry is dominated by two main players; The Coca Cola Company and Pepsi Company Limited. These two companies operate in the global market, and are known to be the biggest companies in the soft drinks market. ... The comparison of the two companies’ share prices will also help in determining the relationship between the share prices of the two companies, whether the change in share prices for the two companies are in any way related. In this case, a set of descriptive statistics will be used to determine whether either company is better than the other. This analysis will also determine the correlation between the operations of the two companies, the regression between their share prices, a t-test to test for independence and an analysis of variance (ANOVA). These tests will help in determining the relationship between the share prices of the two companies and the performance of each company in relation to the other. Since the two companies are competitors, it is expected that one company performs better than the other company, but that their prices be positively correlated since they operate in the same industry, so are mostly affected by the same factors. Methodology Data Collection A s already stated, the company will be done using share prices for Coca Cola and PepsiCo for the last five years of operations. The data for this simulated research study will be collected from Yahoo! Finance, where the date collected will be monthly data from 2007 to 2012. The data will be collected from May 1, 2007 to May 1, 2012, which gives 61 data sets for each company. The use of 61 data points is done to avoid short-term effects of market interplay factors like unexpected events in the financial periods of each company. The data collected for each company is displayed in the following table: Date Coke Pepsi Date Coke Pepsi 5/1/2007 50.32 59.25 11/2/2009 45.32 57.67 6/1/2007 45.72 56.54 12/1/2009 51.71 56.75 7/2/2007 47.36

Explain the Similarities and Differences in Cultures between the Research Paper

Explain the Similarities and Differences in Cultures between the United States and Egypt - Research Paper Example In both countries, social media as a form of communication has strengthened social relationships, given people a strong sense of belonging and identity, and strengthened cultures of these countries.1 Although both countries embrace social media, their degree of use varies. The United States is a highly developed country, with advanced technology; therefore, it has embraced social media more than Egypt, which ranks below it. The United States pioneers much of the global social changes today through social media.2 This revolutionizes other world cultures. Cultures of the U.S and Egypt also undergo gradual revolution due to the cross-cultural communication and interaction facilitated by use of social media by the people. Conclusively, basing on social media, the cultures of the United States and Egypt register more similarities. However, the technological advances of Egypt, which cannot compare the United States, makes Egypt register a smaller number of social media users. Nonetheless, social media use in both countries is a strong pillar responsible for revolution of their

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Study

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Study Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy An EIS study was carried out at different dc potentials in order to study the mechanism of ORR in O2 saturated alkaline solutions on prepared GDEs. The Nyquist plots of GDEs under different polarization potentials are shown in Fig. 5. The impedance diagrams show two different behaviors which depend on the applied dc potentials. In the other words, the shape of plots changed at different potentials, suggesting different electrochemical processes occurring on the electrode. The impedance spectra acquired at the potential lower than 0.7 V show one loop in the high frequency region associated with the time constant of a charge transfer process and semi-infinite diffusive manner related to Warburg component in the low frequency region. This semi-infinite diffusive character is related to the adsorption of reactants and intermediate products. The Nyquist plots of O2 reduction on GDEs at the E≠¥0.7 show two loops. The processes that could be involved on the electrode surface that would produce these changes include [37]: (1) Diffusion of O2 through the gas phase in the pores (of porous carbon supported catalyst) and the electrolyte to the reaction site. (2) Adsorption or heterogeneous surface reaction of the oxygen, together with oxygen diffusion. (3) Charge transfer. (4) Diffusion of reduction products into the bulk electrolyte Many reaction mechanisms have been proposed to describe ORR in aqueous electrolytes. Among these models, the Damjanovic model (Fig. 6) is one of the most extensively employed models, due to its applicability over a wide potential region. Damjanovic model describes the ORR as a multi-electron reaction which O2 molecules in the vicinity of the electrode are irreversibly reduced directly to H2O through 4-electron transfer (with a constant rate, k1) or to H2O2 through 2-electron transfer (constant rate, k2). The H2O2 formed can be reduced to H2O through 2-electron transfer (constant rate, k3) or diffuse into the bulk solution [38]. The ORR mechanism on transition metals has also been investigated by theoretical calculation based on the electronic structure [39-40]. The dissociative mechanism and the associative mechanism are proposed for a low current density range (more positive potentials) and a high current density range (more negative potentials), respectively [41]. Dissociative Mechanism (E≠¥0.7 V): In this mechanism, no H2O2 is produced. On a metal surface, O2 adsorption breaks the O-O bond and forms adsorbed atomic O, which further gains two electrons in the two consecutive steps, forming hydroxide ions. Since there is no adsorbed O2 on the catalyst surface, H2O2 cannot be formed. This mechanism can be considered a detailed form of the direct 4-electron pathway and can be written as follows: 1/2O2 + M(metal active sites) → O ºads (11) O ºads + e + H2O → OHads + OHaq (12) OHads + e → OHads → OHaq (13) Associative Mechanism (EË‚0.7 V): Since adsorbed O2 is present, the O-O bond may not be broken in the following steps, resulting in the formation of H2O2. The H2O2 could either be further reduced to H2O or be a final product. Therefore, the mechanism can be written as follows: O2,ads + 2H2O + 2e → H2O2 + 2OH (14) H2O2 + 2e → 2OH (15) The further reduction of H2O2(ads) to hydroxide ions occurs only once the enough overpotential has been reached and before the formed H2O2 diffuse into the bulk solution [41]. The two loop manner of GDEs in Nyquist plots may be related to two basic steps. On the other hand, for E ≠¥ 0.7 V, two time constants are detected during the impedance measurements (Fig. 5). The first time constant at high frequencies is associated with the charge transfer reaction according to Eq. 12, while the second may be associated with the further reduction of OHads to produce OH based Eq. 13. On the other hand, for EË‚0.7 V, the first time constant is related to H2O2 intermediate formation according to Eq. 14 and further semi-infinitive diffusive manner in the low frequency region can be explained by adsorption and diffusion of this intermediate into the bulk solution. In order to obtain quantitative information from impedance spectra in Fig. 5, two electric circuits were employed (Fig. 7). The electric circuit in Fig. 7a was used to simulate the impedance response of those spectra with OCP and E Using the equivalent circuits shown in Fig. 7, a constant phase element (CPE) is suggested instead of pure capacitance (C), due to the non-homogeneous surface of the electrodes. The impedance of CPE is defined as [Yo(jω)n]-1, where Yo is a constant with dimension (S.sn), while the exponent n denotes the correction factor pertaining to the roughness of the electrode and has values that range from 0 to 1. A pure capacitance yields n=1, a pure resistance yields n=0, while n=0.5 represents the ideal Warburg impedance. The true capacitance values can be calculated using the following equation [38]: C=[Yo Ãâ€" R (1-n)]1/n (14) According to equivalent circuits shown in Fig. 7, Rs is associated with the resistance of the solution, connectors, leads and wires. R1 is the charge transfer resistance of the reduction process from O2 to H2O2, R2 is the resistance of adsorbed species with H2O2 as the main intermediate or O2 adsorption into the GDE pores in the figure 7.a. The R1 and R2 circuit components in figure 7b are the charge transfer resistance of the reduction process of O ºads to OHads and the reduction process of OHads to OH, respectively. Parameters calculated from the equivalent circuits (Fig. 7) of O2 reduction on the GDEs are listed in Table 3. According to table 3, the Rs values change as a function of the potential, indicating that the contribution of the apparatus (connectors, leads and wires) from the total impedance of system shouldn’t be dismissed. So, the Rs values have a contribution function of both electrolyte and the apparatus resistance, i.e., connectors, leads and wires. R1 and R2 also show a dependence on the applied dc potentials (Fig. 8). By increasing the positive potential, the R1 values decrease. In the potential region of lower than 0.7 V, the adsorption of free O2 molecules happens on the metal catalyst and then O2,ads reduces to OHads (Eq.8). In the applied dc potential of E≠¥0.7 V, the adsorption of O ºads free radicals happens. By increasing the positive applied potentials, the adsorbed amount of O2,ads and O ºads increases and the further reduction process occurs more easily in the catalyst layer. So the R1 values will be decreased. The dependence of true capacitance values of the applied potentials is shown in Fig. 10. The adsorbed species enhancement by increasing the more positive potentials causes to decrease of C1 values. The R2 values for EË‚0.7 V are related to the adsorption of molecules like H2O2,ads into the GDE pores. When the potential is increased to more positive potentials, the adsorption of H2O2,ads spec ies by the oxygen atom orientation to the metal catalysts will be increased and R2 values became higher. In the potential region of E≠¥0.7 V, the OH,ads species which are reduced to OHaq, increase and charge transfer happens more easily. So the R2 values will be decreased. The C2 values also decrease because of more species adsorption (Fig. 10). Comparison of R values for GDEs shows that the Pt.Ru/C electrocatalyst has the lowest resistance in the whole range of applied dc potentials because of charge transferring occurring more easily and so ORR happens more rapidly at this electrocatalyst type. This behavior can be observed due to the synergistic effects of Pt and Ru catalyst species. The true capacitances of GDEs also show that the calculated of Pt.Ru/C and Ru/C electrocatalyst are higher than Pt.C ones. It is because the Ru species act as a protonic capacitor in the Pt.Ru/C and Ru/C GDEs. 3.5. Chronoamperometery The oxygen diffusion coefficients of GDEs were determined by chronoamperometry technique. Chronoamperograms were obtained by holding the potential of the electrodes at +1.2 V for 10 s and then holding it at +0.4 V relative to the Ag/AgCl electrode for 500 s with oxygen flowing along the electrolyte. With plotting i vs. t−1/2, the linear dependence relationship was obtained for different electrodes [42]: (16) Where I is the limited current, A the surface area of the electrode, D the diffusion coefficient, C the concentration of oxygen, n the number of electrons in the overall reaction of ORR, F the Faraday’s constant, t the time, and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is equal to 3.14. Fig. 11 shows the chronoamperograms of GDEs at +0.4V in relative to the Ag/AgCl in alkaline media. . Cottrell parameters are listed in Table 4, also. The results confirmed the higher Cottrell slope and D values for Pt.Ru/C electrode. So, the Pt.Ru/C cathode has more permeability and activity towards oxygen reduction reaction. Conclusion In this investigation, Pt/C, Ru/C and Pt.Ru/C bimetallic electrocatalysts were prepared by chemical reduction process. Then the resulted inks were coated on carbon paper and used as gas diffusion electrodes for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media. The surface structure of oxygen depolarized cathodes was studied by SEM and EDX analysis. The SEM results showed that all the cathodes consist of rough and porous structures. And Pt, Ru nanclusters were deposited quite uniformly onto/into Vulcan carbon supports with the average particle size of about 30-45 nm. The ORR activity of cathodes was evaluated in 0.1 M O2 saturated NaOH media. Comparison of cyclic voltamograms of Pt/C, Ru/C and Pt.Ru/C electrodes in O2 saturated solutions show that for Pt.Ru/C catalyst current increase induced by ORR is shifted towards more negative electrode potentials and only higher current values have been obtained within the ORR region. It can be concluded that the second metal addition has influenced the catalytic activity of electrocatalyst toward ORR. This matter can be related to synergistic effect, which is playing a critical role in ORR activity. The Pt.Ru/C cathodes showed lower Tafel slops and high current densities. An EIS study was carried out at different dc potentials in order to study the mechanism of ORR in O2 saturated alkalin e solutions on prepared GDEs. The Nyquist plots of GDEs under different polarization potentials show two different behaviors, suggesting different associative and dissociative electrochemical processes occurring on the electrode.

Character Traits of Chris McCandless of Into The Wild Essay -- Into th

Christopher Johnson McCandless is a respectable man in so many ways but, yet such a foolish man in many others. Chris McCandless possessed a seemingly ever-lasting bravery that constantly shined through his unique and matchless character. He was very righteous in himself to the point in which he kept himself from any sin or evil, committing his life to what seemed like an idea of celibacy, not just in refraining from any desire of flesh but also in all lusts of life with his diligent power of will that constantly shined through his exterior. Onto the contrary of his good characteristics, McCandless remained to be very foolish in his decisions and under takings, whether it be by his arrogance of sheer narrow mindedness. Over all he was a boy of many talents and knowledge, with a bright soul and good heart but, still somewhere in the depths of his thoughts he lacked something that made him think things through, and in this his foolishness he would lose his life. As stated previously, McCandless had a deep bravery that protected him from the darkness of fear or negative thought. Never once in this story does he seem frightened in that he might lose his life, grow ill or become hurt, and in one way he proves this by his insatiable habit of hitchhiking, I mean, with all do respect he could have been picked up by a serial killer and that probably would have cut his adventure a little short. In addition, he does not cower to much of anything, his bravery led him to some pretty interesting place such as digging dead rats from farm equipment, diving waist deep in grime, muck, and not to mention stench, that is if you would consider all of that to be brave. Set aside the trivial matter, his true bravery is shown... ...lse in his former life. In review McCandless was a man with boyish and romantic ambitions or maybe he was a boy with an intellectual mind stuck in the body of a man, because that theory would certainly exist as plausible in describing his foolish ways. Let us not forget that Chris did have a truly unique idea with good intention and maybe he did accomplish what he set out for, true inner peace with himself and the world around him maybe he did find himself in this whole ordeal. Yes McCandless was a bright soul but, in the end his foolishness or maybe even it was his bravery lead him to his demise, his lonely death in starvation. With all of this said was McCandless brave or was he foolish and stupid, well, for certain he never acted in any stupid way, but he did act in both foolishness and bravery because in many ways it takes quite some foolishness to be brave.

Of Mice and Men Relationships

The novel ‘Of mice and Men’ is written by John Steinbeck, set in the 1930’s, America, during the Great Depression. The theme of the novel is of two men (George and Lennie)   Steinbeck introduces the two characters, George and Lennie, in the opening section of the novel. From this dialogue-â€Å"You drink some, George†- the reader is able to establish an understanding of the two characters’ relationship. One stayed behind the other’, is the first indication that one take more of a lead in the relationship than the other, and more evidence to support this: ‘Lennie imitated him exactly’. Steinbeck goes on to describe the first man to be ‘small and quick’, whereas ‘behind him walked his opposite, a huge man’. It would be thought the larger man would lead, to protect. The two men are described as ‘Both were dressed in denim trousers and in denim coats†¦ and both carried tight blanket rolls’ .This shows they are similar in the way they are both itinerant workers. However they differ with appearance: George is explained to have ‘sharp features’, and Lennie to be his opposite ‘shapeless of face’. Steinbeck uses their appearance to show how completely different they are with everything, George has a sharp, quick mind, while on the other hand Lennie is rather simple minded. Steinbeck presents George and Lennie’s relationship very much like that of a father and sons.George looks after Lennie’s work card as George knows Lennie well enough not to trust him with it: â€Å"think I’d let you carry your own work card? † George also looks out for Lennie and tries to protect him- ‘you never oughta drink water when it ain’t running’, which is evidence to show he is like a father, advising Lennie. Steinbeck emphasises the theme of George and Lennie being like a father and son further by George praising Lennie to build Lennie’s self esteem: â€Å"Good boy, that’s it†.

Derivative Trades Essay

Derivative Trades Essay Derivative Trades Essay Futures trades Crude Oil (Brent) 04/08/2011 Why did you enter the trade (what were your expectations?) â€Å"Libya burns, Japan shakes, Nigeria's nervous, Portugal bails, Bahrain bubbles and now China troubles. Do you need any more reasons for oil to go higher?† (Flynn, 2011, para. 1). Having read an article that suggested increase in the price of oil, I decided to set up a bull calendar spread. How did you set up the trade and how did the execution proceed? I executed a market order to buy two contracts of IBK11 - Crude Oil (Brent) MAY 2011. As for the short leg of the spread, I set up a contingent order upon USO price. If the USO price drops below $44.5, the order to sell two Crude Oil (Brent) JUL 2011 contracts will be executed, resulting in bull calendar spread. On 4/11 USO dropped below $44.5, and as a result contingent order was executed. How did you manage the risk of the position? To lower the risk of the position I set up a bull spread, instead of taking a naked long futures position. Bull spread reduced the risk of a larger-than-expected loss in case the price of oil would decrease. In addition, calendar spread required much lower margin compared to the naked position. How and when did you exit your position? Were your expectations realized? My expectations were not realized as oil price plunged on 4/11. I decided to exit my positions via market order on 04/14/2011 by taking opposite positions in the same contracts. Contingent order to sell two JUL 2011 limited a loss to $1,726.32. Crude Oil 02/22/2011 Why did you enter

Human Resource Management in tourism

Human Resource Management in tourism Introduction Humanresource management is an important aspect of management in every institution.Most organizations have a separate department that performs the important function.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Human Resource Management in tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Human beings are complicated beings and thus must be dealt with understanding. Human resources are responsible for doing activities that lead to the success of an organization. They have to be motivated and comfortable to work. Human resource management is practiced in many fields that involve human beings. Among the fields is the tourism industry (Elisa et al, 2004, p. 3). The tourism industry is characterized by diversity and therefore has sensitive needs of human resource. This report will discuss how effective Human Resource Management could contribute to the successful management of organizations in tourism industry. The report will f ocus on important elements of human resource management such as the process and policies of recruitment as well as competencies. The outcomes of ICT on human resources will be discussed to emphasize its significance in the tourism industry. It will also focus outcomes of information and communication technology, work ethics and rewards. How effective Human Resource Management could contribute to the successful management of organizations in tourism industry Human resources are very important for the success of any organization. Managing them can be challenging and thus organizations must be effective to in dealing with human resources. Their efforts to produce are what determine the success of the organization in any field including the tourism industry (2010, p. 1). In his research, Nickson (2006, p. 1) points out that the human resource management in the tourism incorporates the management principles to integrate with the specific needs in the tourism industry. These needs among o thers include recruitment policies and process, outcomes of ICT (information communication technology), inequalities and management of different staff, work ethics and rewards. Recruitment process According to the UNEP (2010, p. 147) recruitment is the methods used to get human resources who have attained the qualifications and can work. The end stage of recruitment which is often confused with recruitment is selection. The process starts with advertisement where several persons who are capable of working can apply.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The advertisements can be done on the notice boards or media or in the internet. Usually internal advertisements are done before external advertisements. Additionally, the existing employees are given priority in the selection. After advertisements, applicants respond and their applications are received whether online or manually. The candidates are short listed and invite for an interview. The interview is conducted by panelists who select the best on merit. Sometimes there is a second interview after which selection is done. The successful candidates are notified and invited to start working in the industry (Torrington, 2005, p. 46). Selected candidates report and are given induction and upon completion they start working. Induction is done by the human resource representatives, departments head or a fellow worker. The employee is given a team to work with or is given office to start working. In case the panelist fails to get successful candidates, there is a re-advertisement. The process is repeated until they get the right candidate. Sometimes selected candidates fail to report. In such cases the human resource management may select another who was second in the interview performed or start from the beginning of the recruitment. Recruitment Policies Jolliffe (1989, Para 1) indicates that touris m industry has to consider seasons in the recruitment of its human resources. This is because the tourism industry has a high season when there are many tourists while in other seasons there are few tourists. Due to the seasons, the employer must hire temporary employees that are going to work during the high season and a few permanent who will work all round the year. The recruitment process must be transparent. It should enable the employer to get committed employees who are best suited for the organization. The recruiters must be qualified and credible and should be aware of the nature of the organization. They should also know the needs of the organization. There should be no discrimination due to color or background of the candidates (Nickson, 2006, p. 1). Competence Elisa et al (2004, p. 3) note that the human resource management should look for managers who will support the tourism organization to earn more revenue. The human resources efforts determine the success of the org anization and those selected must be willing to employ their knowledge and skill in the industry.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Human Resource Management in tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The human resources must therefore be willing to perform and participate in the expansion of the tourism industry. This is because the profits obtained from the industry will be used to pay all due for the employees and other necessities of the company. Career oriented employees tend to be of great help to the tourism industry. In their pursuit to explore and develop their career in the industry, they lead to the success of the company. Such employees can be given the opportunity to grow and advance as they contribute positively (Elisa et al, 2004, p. 3). Training of the human resources in the tourism industry can lead to successful management. Training can be done to different groups in the industry depending on their roles. Training will enable workers be motivated, know what they are expected to do and work effectively and efficiently. Training also gives opportunities for discovery and development of talent (Elisa et al 2004, p. 4). In the recent practices, the human resource management has placed more emphasis on the management of finances and the ability to market to recruit employees. Another area of competency given attention is the recruitment of workers with information technology competencies. Managers recruit those with computer competencies as a basic criterion. In most cases those with specific expertise in certain areas are recruited and trained to perform specialized tasks. This in turn lead to more rewards as well as expansion of the tourism industry (Elisa et al 2004, p. 4). Further learning of employees in the tourism industry can be encouraged. When they go for further studies, employees increase their skill and become more knowledgeable thus work with more understanding. They learn new developments in the tourism industry and can implement it to realize success. Such employees who go for further studies require little induction in the industry and are therefore in a better position to handle difficulties within the industry than fresh graduates. Outcomes of ICT The use of ICT has led to success in the management of the tourism industry. As Elisa et al (2004, p. 1) note, computer competency is a basic requirement for new recruits. The organizations also have taken initiatives to train employees on computer skills. This is because the environment has changed and people are embracing technology in businesses.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore technology is being used widely in advertising and thus expertises are required in the tourism industry. Therefore, they use their specialization to lead the organization to gain more profits and stay in the global competition. ICT has been effective in a number of areas. It has been used in the recruitment process to advertise and communicate with potential employees. It has also been used in the management of the industry. The industry has benefited in keeping relevant data about employees, the organization and communicating within and outside the organization. ICT has been a weapon in advertising and communicating with clients. For instance customers can make on line booking for a holiday in a distant location. Furthermore, ICT has opened opportunities and created employment opportunities due to expression. The outcomes of ICT have been helpful in trucking changes in the world as they happen. Through internet, a lot of valuable information can be acquired and thus it is possible to adjust the services as well as management practices to deal with the dynamic requirements of clients. The employees can learn and find relevant information about a problem and Thus ICT has led to the successful management of human resources in the tourism industry. Inequalities and management of different staff The tourism industry is exposed to diversity. Nickson (2006, p. 1) suggest that there should be equality in the selection of employees in the tourism industry without discrimination because of color or background. Thus the human resources should be accommodative to different people of different cultures. A variety of employees from different cultures can be of advantage to the tourism industry. This is because such institutions that deal with diverse clients will benefit from the different employees who may be in a better position to such clients. This may be due to the advantage of being multilingual where they can speak in the language the client understands. M anaging the staff in terms of health and having a general concern of their welfare is important. Employees with a medical cover from the organization have a sense of security. Employees with ill health have a lower input and are prone to absenteeism. A comprehensive medical cover from the institution has positive impacts on success of the company. This is because employees are catered for, can be treated and recover. Those without cover may lack funds for proper treatment hence will keep falling sick and eventually lead to low input in the company. Some medical covers cater for the immediate family members of the employee thus he is able to concentrate on the job (Nickson 2006, p. 1). Work ethics The Sustainable Tourism Online (2010, p.1) the management has to maintain good working relations in the tourism industry. It can have considerate working hours and arrangements for its employees. Additional, it can discourage violations within work and encourage respect among the employees. Such habits as use of drugs and alcohol can be discouraged. The organization can introduce beneficial leisure activities like clubs as an alternative to abusing drugs (Nickson, 2006, p. 1). There is importance in strategizing whenever there are challenges and problem among the human resources as Nickson (2006, p. 1) indicates. The management must address the grievances of employees whenever cases of violation and misunderstandings are reported. It can adopt techniques of solving problems to reconcile the parties and address issues without taking sides. Poor relationships among employs are characterized with tension and discourage teamwork. Without teamwork, the tourism industry may not realize its goals. Rewards In their research Elisa et al (2004, p. 1) revealed that rewards for the human resources are part and parcel of effective management that led to success. Their research findings suggested that employees who are compensated for their work are motivated and devoted to work. C ompensation is based on organizational levels. The top ranked managers receive a great reward than the juniors. The middle managers receive lower than the top managers and higher than the juniors. The juniors are paid least than the others. Additionally, the most experienced are considered to be valuable and are therefore paid an amount considerate of their experience. Wages of employees increase when the employees are promoted. This is because their tasks and responsibilities have been expanded. The wages increase also when the worker goes for further training and hence need to be given a more challenging task. Elisa et al (2004, p. 2) identify increase in work load as a factor that lead to addition of wages to employees. An organization may experience increased clients and thus the organization may choose to add on wages instead of recruiting more workers who may be relieved from work when the season is low. Elisa et al (2004, p. 3) note that the criterion for compensation is base d on the position of the employees more than the skills and knowledge they possess. Although they have competencies and knowledge in many areas and are experts in specific fields, their rewards reflect the responsibilities that are attached to their specific positions. This means that those with similar education qualification and are of equal competencies are paid lower because they have fewer and different responsibilities than their seniors. Consequently, the managers in charge use their superior positions to learn more skills in management and thus maintain their position. This competition makes them very effective leading to the success of the organization. Middle level managers who wish to get higher rewards use their positions to demonstrate their abilities. Since they work closely with the top managers, they ensure that they demonstrate their ability to their immediate supervisors (Baum, 2006, p. 4). In most cases they are of same qualifications as the boss and therefore the y learn from them. Whenever there are opportunities for promotion they are likely to be recommended since they have demonstrated ability and skills in the human resource management (Elisa et al, 2004, p. 3). Skills and education of an individual are important in determining the rewards (Torrington 2005, p. 45). Effective rewards dependent on the qualifications of an individual gives satisfaction to the employee. When rewarded according to his ability, the employee devotes his time to work for the tourism industry hence there is success. Underpaid professionals tend to look for opportunities in other organizations. Highly skilled individuals are usually on demand as Elisa et al (2004, p. 2) state. They include personnel in specialized areas like information technology. They demand for high wages and thus to maintain them they are paid according to their demands. Managers are in most cases responsible to reward and can be sensitive to human resources needs. The mangers can have additi onal rewards for outstanding employees. This will encourage competition in the company for excellent performance. Workers who have worked for long in the company can be rewarded for their commitment. Recognition for work well did lead to improved performance. Recommendations In future the tourism industry may investigate the rewards organization. This is because the criterion for payment in some cases is position and in other cases it is expertise knowledge. Furthermore, a balance between expertise and position to determine reward can be made (Elisa et al, 2004, p. 4). Conclusion In conclusion, the effective management of human resources is the key to success of the tourism industry. This can be achieved by adopting a recruitment process that is transparent. The process should enable the organization employ competent employees who will lead the company to realize more profits and expand. Policies that allow for diversity and equal treatment can be adopted while paying attention to c ompetence of the employee. Importance of ICT and the outcomes cannot be estimated, as already mentioned, there are changes due to use of technology hence the tourism industry must embrace technology. Technology expands the organizations in terms of business and creates working opportunities for human beings. ICT therefore makes communication possible within and outside the organization. People of different color and back ground can work together effectively and lead to the success. Thus being multi lingual brings positive outcomes in the organization. Additionally, people can learn to work with people from different culture since tourism industry is diverse in nature. Furthermore, the management can ensure that there are policies that govern the behavior of the employees to maintain good relation. It can use strategic measures to solve differences among employees. Moreover, employees must be compensated for their work adequately. This will encourage them to work hard. Reference List Baum, T., 2006. Human Resource Management for tourism, Hospitality and Leisure:  An International Perspective. Australia: Thomson Learning. Elisa, M. Kay, C., 2004. Knowledge, skills, and abilities for lodging  Management success (Human resource) business journal: Cornell hotel and  Restaurant administration quarterly. Web. Jolliffe, L., 1989. Seasonality in tourism employment: Human resource challenges.  International journal of contemporary hospitality management, vol 15, no. 6. Nickson, D., 2006. Human resource management for the hospitality and tourism Industries. Butterworth: Heinemann. Web. Sustainable tourism online., 2010. Human resource management: Recognition and Management of emotional labor in the tourism industry. Web. Torrington, D. P., Hall, L.A, Taylor, S., 2005. Human Resource Management (6th ed.).  UK: FT Prentice Hall. UNEP., 2010. Sustainable Tourism in protected areas: Human Resource planning for  Tourism for in protected areas. UK: FT Prentice Ha ll. Virbus., 2010. Human resource management. Web.

U.S. Involvement in Vietnam War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

U.S. Involvement in Vietnam War - Essay Example In his analysis, Herring points out that success of Vietnam War was mainly hindered by Vietnamese spirit of nationalism1. Vietnam’s history is characterized by centuries of imperialism. It was first dominated by China and later by France, which established French Indochina2. Vietnam rose against imperialism and won under Ho Chi Minh, the leader of a nationalist movement known as Viet Minh. With the escalation of the cold war, America opted to aid France’s recapture of its South East Asian colonies, which the French had lost during the Japanese war. America declined to support Ho Chi Mihn due to his communist tendencies. The French war against Ho Chi Mihn led to division of Vietnam into North Vietnam, under Ho and South Vietnam. The dividing line was on the 17th parallel, determined by the Geneva Accord. The cold war played a key role in the Vietnam War. America got involved in Vietnam to safeguard its ideology and to ensure a balance of power. It considered Vietnam stra tegy to its national security. America, being capitalist, wanted to keep Vietnam from the Communist ideology. It was led by the domino theory, which believed that that fall of North Vietnam to communism would lead to a chain reaction that would foster the spread of communism. After the division of Vietnam, America found it vital to assist Ngo Dinh Diem, an anticommunist leader. With America’s support, Diem took control of South Vietnam. Diem’s rule was unpopular and very oppressive, of which Ho Chi Mihn fought against, backed by the Viet Cong. Following the incident of the Bay of Pigs, President Kennedy â€Å"conceded that commitment in third world nations could be painful, risky, and costly, but warned that we dare not weary of the test.†3 Hence, when Kennedy realized how unpopular Diem was, he organized a military coup that ousted Diem. However, a more unpopular leader succeeded Diem. America increased aid and financial support to South Vietnam. This made Sout h Vietnam greatly dependent on America’s financial support to the extent that it could not rise on its feet and become self-reliant. â€Å"More than any other single factor, America’s aid enabled South Vietnam to survive the first few critical years after independence. By the late 1950s the new nation was flourishing†4 Herring further points out that â€Å"although U.S aid prevented an economic collapse and served to maintain a high standard of living in Saigon, it did little to promote economic development or to improve living conditions in the villages where more than 90% of South Vietnam resided†5. After Kennedy’s assassination, Lyndon Johnson took over, determined to perpetuate Kennedy’s policy on Vietnam. U.S involvement in Vietnam intensified after the Gulf of Tonkin incident. A report on August 1964 that U.S ships had been attacked in the Gulf of Tonkin by the Viet Cong led to the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. The resolution was passed b y Congress to increase military involvement in Vietnam. The following year, Johnson used the same resolution to stage Operation Rolling Thunder after Viet Cong attacked American militant. As a result, more troops were deployed in Vietnam. On January 31 1968, Viet Cong staged the Tet offensive, which attacked U.S targets and other cities in South Vietnam simultaneously. This led to major anti war critics from home after America severely retaliated and injured the

Technological Advancements in Historic Preservation Research Paper

Technological Advancements in Historic Preservation - Research Paper Example Historic buildings have been designed with sustainable features that respond to both site and prevailing climate (WBDG). The effectiveness of sustainable features used to preserve traditional buildings and, when incorporated in modern buildings, those features can result in substantial energy savings. The current technologically improved sustainable preservation of buildings has, therefore, been derived and adapted to supplement the inherent sustainable features in many historical buildings without compromising the unique and historic character of such buildings. For example, the Adobe houses or those made of dried bricks are among the oldest buildings made of the most common materials that are known to man today (Old House Web). The adobe bricks were not fired initially but were sun-baked first and only then used in the construction process. These bricks consist of sand, clay, water, gravel and straw or grass that are mixed with hands in wooden moulds and then are being dried in the sun (Old House Web). As the adobe bricks are not fired in a kiln, the bricks never harden permanently but remain unstable during their life time. These bricks are, therefore, prone to shrinking as water content changes with their strength fluctuating over time: the higher the water content, the lower the strength (Old House Web). The adobe bricks, though having been successfully used in the buildings, cannot bond to metal, wood or stone as they exhibit greater movements than these materials. Attempts to bond these materials resulted in cracking, separating or twisting at the interfaces, which led to cracking and failure of the buildings in most of cases. This prejudiced the preservation of these buildings. In the majority of cases, where traditional methods may not present enough strength in buildings, other technologies in the modern building construction are used to reinforce these traditional buildings to ensure sustainability and preservation of a historic fabric (Fischetti, 42 ). The early adobe building foundations varied greatly according to their differences in local building construction and available materials, which resulted in great variability in these buildings, including their sustainability (Old House Web). Lack of professionals at planning or preservation stage of a huge number of traditional buildings has had a bad effect on those buildings, thus, numerous efforts to innovate and elaborate plans for preservation in these buildings have been made recently; though there has been a growing belief in the inclusion of planning and growth management in preservation of these buildings (WBDG). Though preserving a building has been recognized as an ultimate recycling of projects, the majority of preservationists in most of cases fight the stigma of historic buildings being inefficient and stress on the need to take daunting corrective measures in order to retrofit for energy saving devices and systems with the green sustainable design being increasing ly popular in both construction and preservation of new industries (WBDG). These shortcomings in the traditional buildings and preservation approaches are continuously being reviewed though the improved technologies in both preservation of buildings and documentation of building projects so that to enhance effective preservation. The growing technological advances have made it possible to improve building preservation efficiency and accuracy with record keeping in architectural and construction projects being enhanced to

The 2nd Amendment and the Right to Bear Arms Essay

The 2nd Amendment and the Right to Bear Arms - Essay Example Guns were even provided to those who could not afford weapons. (Gerber 2011) The debate over the second amendment today is that those in favor of gun control laws fear that a weapon for defense can become a weapon of offence either accidentally or intentionally. For that matter, the first part of the provision of this amendment, â€Å"well-regulated militia† is advocated by pro gun control laws. This provision is interpreted as that gun possession is only applied to official defensive forces such as the National Guard. On the other hand, gun lovers support the interpretation grown out the second part of the amendment which states that, â€Å"the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.† This means that citizens can have guns and the government has no power over confiscating this right away from them. (Gerber 2011). Whether the prospects of the second amendment’s enforcement in the Bill of Rights would bring a positive or negative change i n the American society? The second amendment was made to the Constitution of the United States in 1791 stating that, â€Å"A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.† ( http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/billofrights) . This amendment has two perspectives. Its first section inculcates that the states can enforce their militias with arms for collective security while the second part diverts towards individual security. Thus, it is raising a contradiction in the fundamentality of the amendment. This amendment is unique of all the amendments in the sense that it is the only among the others that is not enforced yet. There is no unanimity in the decision of the justices because there is no clarity about its purpose. A civil right in American Constitution is defined as â€Å"a right or rights belonging to a person by reason of citizenship including especially the fundamenta l freedoms and privileges guaranteed by the 13th and 14th amendments and subsequent acts of Congress including the right to legal, social and economic equality. This makes gun ownership as much of a civil right as freedom of speech, religion and freedom of the press.† Gun possession is vital for certain reasons like for sports competitions. For instance, target shooting, a game played popularly in the United States is incomplete without guns. Hunting is another sport, hobby and tempting pastime of Americans. (http://www.saf.org/default.asp?p=gunrights_faq) The right to bear arms is a necessity in today’s criminal world. The United States is a country with the most high crime rate in the world. The amendment’s second half empowers the individual with freedom of carrying arms for self-defense. A simple yet very basic argument of gun possession is self-defense. Criminals are easily deterred this way. Instead of waiting for the regular police to respond to the victim ’s calls, the victim should have the capacity to tackle the matter on his own. This will help decrease the level of crimes. In the United States 46% of Americans claim possession of arms for the purpose of protection against criminals. (Heston 2008) Richard Henry Lee, Virginia delegate to the Continental Congress and member of the first Continental Congress which passed the Bill of Rights said that, â€Å""To preserve liberty, it is essential that the whole body of the people always possess arms, and be taught alike, especially when young, how to use

Organisation and the people Essay Example for Free

Organisation and the people Essay How does Amnesty International persuade the reader to take an active interest in its organisation and the people it helps? You should consider the structure, organisation and layout of material; the content of the article; and the use of language and linguistic devices. I will be studying a double page spread charity advertisement, obtained from a magazine supplement of a Sunday newspaper. Being advertised is Amnesty International: a charity organisation, which is working worldwide for the release of prisoners of conscience, fair trials for political prisoners and an end to torture, extra-judicial executions, disappearances and the death penalty. By publishing the advert in a Sunday supplement, it is insured to have a very wide circulation. Furthermore, people will have leisure time on a Sunday to be able to sit down and read the whole article, which gives them a chance to become active. If it were printed on a weekday, people would not have had the leisure time to be able read the article and become an active member of Amnesty International. Prudently, this advert has been structured in such a way that it guides the emotional response of the reader as they read through the text. The article has been subdivided into four main sections: Sallays story; the story of Mary; Britains view of refugees; and how the reader can become active and help refugees. The separation of the material into clearly defined blocks of text is very effective, in that it aids the ease and speed of access. Also, by implicating the reader in blame, they are increasingly forced to get involved. The first thing you see when you look at the article is the picture of the woman. This picture draws the reader to the article by the various attributes. Immediately, you are drawn by the shock factor: a picture of a woman who has no hands. In addition, this is an extremely powerful picture, as it is visually emotive, which means that it plays on the readers emotions and generates the readers sympathy for the woman. After looking at the picture, you read the quote beside it, which personalises the article by giving Sallay an identity this makes the reader feel closer to Sallay, and maybe as if they even know her. The large caption reads DONT LOOK THE OTHER WAY. This is imperative, as it is a command to the reader not to turn away from people like Sallay. It forces them to read the article and take an interest. In the leading paragraph the shock factor is used again to inform the reader of the shocking statistic that, Every twenty seconds a refugee is created. This shows the reader how big the refugee problem is, causing the reader to want to read on, as they want to know how Amnesty International will help so many people. Towards the end of the paragraph, the first person plural pronoun us is used. This is very inclusive and involves us all, symbolising how it is everyones responsibility to help refugees. This is then emphasised by the final sentence in the paragraph: Yes, all of us. Sallays story starts off with the phrase, Sallay Goba is a grandmother. This personalises her, as one can I identify with her, as a grandmother. This is because weve all got or had grandmother, so by being a grandmother, we know that Sallays just an ordinary woman. It then goes on to tell of how her life was turned upside down, with a graphic description of the horrific events: the murders of her grandchildren, husband, and son-in-law, her attacking, when her hands were brutally severed. The sheer extent of tragedy suffered by Sallay, persuades the reader to take in interest in the people Amnesty International helps, as the reader feels compassion for Sallay. Also, the phrase, It would have been nice to think that if she had managed to reach Britain, we would have helped her, makes us question whether we would have helped her or not, with the impression given that we probably wouldnt have. This is because of the words, It would be nice to think, as they emphasise the fact that she would have probably been rejected by the British government, as the chance of us helping her is quite slim. Furthermore, once again the first person plural pronoun we is used, in order to make us feel that we are responsible to help people like Sallay. In addition, the negative attitude of the West towards refugees increases the readers level of sympathy, making them feel that if the government is not going to help them, it is up to us. Political buzz words, such as economic migrants and bogus asylum seekers are also used to show the typical British view of refugees, making them seem to be people who only come to England, in order to make some more money. Again, the imperative is used with the word listen, in order to force the reader to read on, so that Sallay being a victim can be stressed again. The paragraph ends with two very powerful rhetorical questions: Do you imagine that she enjoyed being driven from her home, alone, penniless and terrified? Did she ask for her hands to be hacked off? These stress the fact that what the government thinks of refugees is completely wrong, as it outlines the fact that refugees do not intentionally bring hardship and suffering upon themselves and that they honestly need our help. Hence, the reader feels that they have a responsibility to help them. The next section in the article is The Story of Marie, an Ordinary Woman. A second story of an individual refugee is used, in order to emphasise how many different ways different refugees suffer. Also, the second story acts as a comparison to the first story, as it shows what happened even when a refugee who suffered such hardship made it to England. The word ordinary is used to stress the fact that she is just like any of us, so we can relate with her. The first sentence is, Marie was a chemist. This illustrates the fact that she used to be normal, as she used to have a professional career, which most people in this country already do, or aspire to do. In addition, the word was outlines the point that Maries life is no longer what it used to be. As she was a chemist, the reader is told that she is an educated woman, who went to University, thus outlining how many of us can identify with her. This fact also breaks down the stereotype that all refugees are poor and uneducated. When describing her story extremely graphic and horrific language and imagery is used: When they assaulted Marie, her brothers-in-law intervened and were shot dead. Five or six soldiers took it in turns to rape Marie. She lost consciousness. This illustrates the sheer brutality of her experience. This is another example of the shock factor, which not only intensifies the readers compassion for the refugees, but also increases their desire to become an active member of Amnesty International. Furthermore, Marie is shown as a victim of the Home Office, who refused her asylum. This proved the point made earlier in Sallays story: that we wouldnt have helped her even if she had reached Britain, as we did to Marie, despite all her hardship and suffering. This gives the reader a reason for joining Amnesty International. They can make a change and help refugees like Marie gain asylum in this country. The war on refugees section focuses more on refugees in general rather than just on individuals. This is effective, in that it shows the suffering of refugees as a whole. A lot of emotive language, such as people who have lost everything and suffered unimaginable griefs is used, in order to keep the reader interested in becoming active. In addition, a quote from the public is used; Its really tragic, but its nothing to do with us. This shows how people in Great Britain reject refugees, as they feel refugees are not their responsibility. Immediately after the quote comes the phrase, So sorry, but it is. This symbolises how it is our responsibility to help these suffering people. This is then followed by facts, such as, People like Marie have a guaranteed right under the 1951 UN Convention on Refugees to seek refuge in a safe country, if they have a well-founded fear of persecution, which support the fact that refugees should be given asylum in this country. This reassures the reader that if they do join, they are truly fighting for a cause, which is backed up. Rhetorical questions, which are linked to these facts are then used: Was Maries fear well-founded, Should the British Government honour this commitment? This further stresses the points that refugees are the victims and they are justified in seeking asylum. The section ends with the syntactic repetition You decide. This is powerful, in that it is giving the reader a choice of whether it a cause worth fighting for or not. Also the word you stresses that its the readers responsibility. This last section leaves the reader with a strong message, creating a powerful impact. This ultimately persuades the reader to become active in terms of giving money to Amnesty International. A very powerful technique used is that of comparing the reader to the refugees, explaining how neither want hardship or suffering: Nobody wants to be a refugee, People dont want to be homeless any more than you do they dont want to be tortured, murdered or raped any more than you do. Throughout the final section, the pronoun you is used, which outlines that it is aimed directly at the reader, telling them that they are needed to help Amnesty International, explaining how they can join, and describing what they can achieve with their help. Imperatives are used again, in order to encourage the reader to act, such as the phrase, For heavens sake wake up and help them. In addition, emotive language is used again throughout the final section. The article ends with a personal appeal, which seems to be more of a plead for help. This is very personal and acts on both, the readers emotions and the readers wealth, in order to persuade even the reluctant readers to get involved. The subscription coupon is very conveniently placed at the end of the article. This aids the ease and speed of access for the reader, and as a result they will probably become active, as theirs is no hassle involved if it is placed just placed on the page. To conclude, I personally believe that if I had come across this advert in a Sunday supplement, I would have read it and if I had the means to, I would have become involved. I feel that this article is very effective in persuading the reader to take an active interest in Amnesty International, mainly because of the way that it plays on the emotions of the readers, in order to strongly get across the message of the suffering of refugees.

The Electron Transport Chain

The Electron Transport Chain In the electron transport chain, electrons flow downward in energy from coenzyme NADH and flavoprotein FADH2 to the terminal electron acceptor, molecular oxygen, O2. Electrons move spontaneously from carriers of lower reduction potential (Eo) to carriers of higher reduction potential. Molecules involved in the ETC have reduction potentials between the values for NAD+/NADH couples and oxygen/H2O couples. Energy extracted from the transfer of electrons is most efficiently conserved when it is released in a step wise fashion, and is accomplished with four distinct protein complexes in the mitochondrial membrane: Complex I = NADH-coenzyme Q reductase (NADH dedhydrogenase) Complex II = succinate-conenzyme Q reductase (succinate dehydrogenase) Complex III = coenzyme Q-cytochrome c reductase Complex IV = cytochrome c oxidase Complex I oxidizes NADH and reduces coenzyme Q (UQ), transferring a pair of electrons from NADH to UQ. The oxidation of one NADH and reduction of UQ results in a net transport of protons from the matrix side to the intermembrane space. Complex II oxidizes succinate and reduces UQ, yielding a net reduction potential of +0.029 V, which does not contribute to the transport of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Complex III facilitates the transfer of electrons from UQ to cytochrome c (cyto c) via the Q cycle, which oxidizes UQH2 and reduces cyto c, releasing four protons into the intermembrane space for every two electrons that pass through the Q cycle. Complex IV accepts electrons from cyto c and reduces oxygen to form H2O, driving proton transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrance space. For every four electrons used to reduce oxygen, four protons are released into the intermembrance space. Components of the ETC are arranged in line with the flow of electrons from donors with lower affinity for electrons toward acceptors with higher affinity for electrons. Affinity for electrons is measured by the reduction potential. The transfer of electrons does not occur in a simple linear sequence. Electrons can enter the ETC at different entry points, either through Complex I or Complex II, and then the pathways converge at Complex III. As Fig. 1 shows, electrons move from more negative to more positive reduction potentials on the energy scale. Table 13-7 presents the following reduction potentials for reactions that occur in the ETC: NAD+ + 2H+ 2e- Æ’Â   NADH + H+ ΔEo = -0.320 V FAD + 2H+ +2e- Æ’Â   FADH2 ΔEo = -0.219 V Fumarate + 2H+ + 2e- Æ’Â   Succinate ΔEo = +0.031 V Q + 2H+ + 2e- Æ’Â   QH2 ΔEo = +0.045 V cyt c1(Fe3+) + e- Æ’Â   cyt c1(Fe2+) ΔEo = +0.220 V cyt c(Fe3+) + e- Æ’Â   cyt c(Fe2+) ΔEo = +0.254 V Â ½ O2 + 2H+ + 2e- Æ’Â   H2O ΔEo = +0.816 V As mentioned, molecules involved in the ETC have reduction potentials between the values for NAD+/NADH couples and oxygen/H2O couples. Electrons move from more negative to more positive reductions potentials in the following order: NADH Æ’Â   Q Æ’Â   cytochrome c1 Æ’Â   cytochrome c Æ’Â   O2 Reactions that have positive reduction potentials have negative free energy and are energetically favorable. Complex III has a more positive reduction potential than Complex I and II, and Complex IV has a more positive reduction potential than Complex III. The reduction potential for each complex can be estimated with the half reactions and reduction potentials provided in Table 13-7. Below are the net equations for each complex: Complex I NADH + 5H+N + Q ↔ NAD+ + QH2 + 4H+P Complex II Succinate + Q ↔ fumarate + QH2 Complex III QH2 + 2 cyt c1 + 2H+N ↔ Q + 2 cyt c1 + 4 H+P Complex IV 4 cyt c + 8 H+N + O2 ↔ 4 cyt c + 4 H+P + 2 H2O For example: Complex I NADH + 5H+N + Q ↔ NAD+ + QH2 + 4H+P NAD+ + 2H+ 2e- Æ’Â   NADH + H+ ΔEo = -0.320 V Q + 2H+ + 2e- Æ’Â   QH2 ΔEo = +0.045 V ΔEo = Eoacceptor Eodonor ΔEo = 0.045 (-0.320) = +0.365 V Complex III QH2 + 2 cyt c1 + 2H+N ↔ Q + 2 cyt c1 + 4 H+P Q + 2H+ + 2e- Æ’Â   QH2 ΔEo = +0.045 V cyt c1(Fe3+) + e- Æ’Â   cyt c1(Fe2+) ΔEo = +0.220 V ΔEo = [2 x 0.220] 0.045 = +0.395 V The reduction potential for Complex III is greater than that of Complex I, correlating to flow of electrons in the ETC. Electrons move from more negative to more positive reductions potentials. In addition, both overall reactions for NADH/FADH2 to O2 are positive values, another indication that electrons moving from Complex I/II to Complex IV is energetically favorable. The calculations are provided below. This is the overall reaction for electrons that travel from NADH to O2 NADH + H+ + Â ½ O2 Æ’Â   NAD+ + H2O NAD+ + 2H+ 2e- Æ’Â   NADH + H+ ΔEo = -0.320 V Â ½ O2 + 2H+ + 2e- Æ’Â   H2O ΔEo = + 0.816 V ΔEo = 0.816 (-0.320) = +1.136 V This is the overall reaction for electrons that travel from FADH2 to O2 FADH2 + Â ½ O2 Æ’Â   FAD + H2O FAD + 2H+ +2e- Æ’Â   FADH2 ΔEo = 0.219 V Â ½ O2 + 2H+ + 2e- Æ’Â   H2O ΔEo = + 0.816 V ΔEo = 0.816 (-0.219) = +1.035 V As a result of the ETC, the net reaction for the transfer of two electrons from NADH through the respiratory chain to molecular oxygen is highly exergonic (positive reduction potentials and negative free energy). For each pair of electrons transferred to O2, four protons are pumped out of the matrix into the intermembrane space by Complex I, four by Complex III and two by Complex IV, producing a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis (Fig.2).

Essay --

According to Yount, the church should have evaluations â€Å"in order to make sure what God called one to do, is in fact getting done† (449). Evaluation is a word that many people are acquainted with, and although it is a familiar word, it seems to take on a different meaning in various settings, for example, in business, schools, trades, and particularly in the church. There are a lot of evaluation practices in existence within our culture which do not translate as easily when it comes to the life of the congregation, and that’s a good thing because, they should not, in fact, there need to be a means to sort them out, for example, when business practices are imported in the process of evaluation, the impact can be a negative one, although the congregation can benefit and learn from those members who possess valuable experiences in both business and the working world. The whole world belongs solely to God and he allows our Reformed theological tradition to be open to the vast knowledge and experiences that are gained from various settings in which Christians interact with the world. Ye...

American Liberty: From Past to Present

Liberty is a concept that is commonly used by the average American in his daily affairs. A lexical definition of liberty states that it refers to the freedom to believe or act without the restriction of an unnecessary force. As far as the individual is concerned, liberty is the capacity of a person to act according to his will. But do we really know the history of America’s liberty? Do we really understand the historical events that have shaped the liberty that we know of and enjoy in these contemporary times?In this paper, I will be examining the roots of American liberty from the founding era to the modern debates surrounding the concept of liberty. I will also be looking into the proponents of liberty and those who have shared a significant role in defining and upholding liberty as we know it today. The Founding Era Hundreds of years before today, America was an entirely different place. Long before the creation of the Constitution, different European countries have already established their own settlements across America. The Spaniards and the French were among the early colonizers until the time of the British.During the rule of the British Empire, severe shortage in human labor resulted to enslavement and indentured servitude of the natives. In the years that followed, conflicts broke-out between the Native Americans and the English settlers. It should be noted, however, that Virginia already had black indentured servants in 1619 after being settled by Englishmen in 1607 (â€Å"Virginia Records Timeline: 1553-1743,† http://memory. loc. gov/ammem/collections/jefferson_papers/mtjvatm3. html), thereby suggesting that the attainment of genuine liberty from the colonizers is yet to be realized.It is perhaps during the time when the English pilgrims came to Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620 and established their colonies that the concept of liberty came about, not the least in the context of the pre-Constitution history of America. As Mark Sargent w rites in his article â€Å"The Conservative Covenant: The Rise of the Mayflower Compact in American Myth,† some of the passengers in the Mayflower ship â€Å"who were not travelling to the New World for religious reasons would insist upon complete freedom when they stepped ashore† since the New World is already â€Å"outside the territory covered in their patent from the [British] crown† (Sargent, p.236). After the Seven Years War between the British forces and the alliance of French and American Indian forces in 1763, the British Empire enforced a series of taxes on the Americans so as to cover a portion of the cost for defending the colony. Since the Americans considered themselves as subjects of the King, they understood that they had the same rights to that of the King’s subjects living in Great Britain.However, the Sugar Act, Currency Act—both passed in 1764—the Stamp Act of 1765, the Townshend Act of 1767, to name a few, compelled the Americans to take drastic measures to send the message to the British Empire that they were being treated as though they were less than the King’s subjects in Great Britain (Jensen, p. 186). Moreover, the taxes were enforced despite the lack of representation of the American colonists in the Westminster Parliament.One of the famous protests taken by the Americans is the Boston Tea Party in 1773 where numerous crates containing tea that belonged to the British East India Company were destroyed aboard ships in Boston Harbor. As a result, the British government passed a series of acts popularly known as the Intolerable Acts in 1774, further fanning the growing oppression felt by the American colonists. Eventually, the American Revolution ensued beginning in as early as 1775 when British forces confiscated arms and arrested revolutionaries in Concord, thereby sparking the first hostilities after the Intolerable Acts were passed (Jensen, p.434). From 1775 to 1783, the colonies tha t formed their own independent states fought as one as the Thirteen Colonies of North America. Lasting for roughly eight years, the American Revolutionary War ended in the ratification of the Treaty of Paris which formally recognized the Independence of America from the British Empire. Between these years, the colonies underwent several changes which constitute part of the developments toward the framing of the Constitution (Bobrick, p. 88).One of these changes is the shift towards the acceptance of notable republican ideals, such as liberty and inalienable rights as core values, among several members of the colonies. Moreover, the republican ideals of the time saw corruption as the greatest of all threats to liberty. In essence, the concept of liberty during the founding era revolves around the liberation of the American colonies from the British Empire and the growing oppression it gave to the colonists through taxation burdens and a series of repressive acts.For the American colo nists, liberty meant the severing of its ties from the British government and the creation of its own independent nation recognized by other countries. The writing and ratification of the Constitution On the fourth of July in 1776, the second Continental Congress signed and officially adopted the United States Declaration of Independence which established the separation of the thirteen American colonies—the colonies which were at war with Great Britain from 1775—from the British Empire.Although others say that the founding moment of America is not on July 4 but two days earlier (Groom, http://independent. co. uk/arts-entertainment/books/review/the-fourth-of-july-and-the-founding-of-america-by-peter-de-bolla-455878. html), it remains a fact that there came a point in time when America finally declared its independence. The evolution of American political theory—especially that which is concerned with liberty—can be better understood during the confrontatio n over the writing and the ratification of the Constitution.In fact, the Declaration asserts that people have unalienable rights which include life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. The Articles of Confederation served as the constitution which governed the thirteen states as part of its alliance called the â€Å"United States of America†. After being ratified in 1781, the â€Å"United States of America† was brought as a political union under a confederate government in order to defend better the liberties of the people and of each state. Meaning, each state retained its independence and sovereignty despite being politically held together as part of the union.However, the Articles were not without opposition and criticisms from several notable political thinkers of the time. For example, James Madison saw several main flaws in the Articles of Confederation that were alarming, or threatened the very existence and purpose of the Articles first and foremost. For one, Madison was concerned about the dangers posed by the divided republics or â€Å"factions† given that their interest may stand in conflict to the interests of others. Madison argues in The Federalist, specifically in â€Å"Federalist No.10,† that in order to guard the citizens from the dangers posed by these individuals who have contradicting interests, a large republic should be created, a republic that will safeguard the citizens from the possible harms brought by other states. It is likewise important to note that the union is not a homogenous group of citizens with the same political inclinations. Madison also argues that for the government to become effective it needs to be a hybrid of a national and a federal constitution.The government should be balanced in the sense that it should be federal in some aspects and republican in others instead of giving more weight to each separate state over the larger republic. In his â€Å"Federalist No. 39,† Madison prop oses and describes a republic government guided by three fundamental principles: the derivation of the government’s legitimate power through the consent of the people, representatives elected as administrators in the government, and a limitation on the length of the terms of service rendered by the representatives (Kobylka and Carter, p.191). Madison also pointed out in â€Å"Federalist No. 51† that there should be checks and balances in the government, specifically among the judicial, legislative and the executive branches. The judiciary, therefore, is at par with the other two inasmuch as each of the other two are at par with one another. Giving one of the three more powers disables the other two to check if that branch is still functioning within its perimeters.As a result, the more powerful branch becomes a partisan branch which consequently creates dangers to the liberties of the people. Another important part of the evolution of American political theory is the c ontention raised by Patrick Henry. In a letter sent to Robert Pleasants in January 18, 1773, Patrick Henry sees the relationship between the new government and the institution of slavery as a contradiction precisely because while the new government is said to be founded on liberty, there the evil that is slavery persisted under the new government.During those times, slavery was not yet abolished and that the new government was unable to meet the challenge of living up to its roles and foundations by failing to address the institution of slavery and demolishing it altogether. Moreover, Henry understood the efforts of secession from the hands of England were a matter of freedom or slavery, which can also be looked upon as a question of either a freedom from or a continuation of tax slavery from the British.While Madison was part of the â€Å"Federalists† who were supporting the ratification of the Constitution, the â€Å"Anti-Federalists† apparently argued against its ra tification. It was Patrick Henry who led the group in criticizing the contents of the proposed Constitution. For instance, Henry argued that the phrase â€Å"We the People† in the Preamble of the Constitution was misleading primarily because it was not necessarily the people who agreed and created the proposed Constitution but the representatives of each participating state.Thus, Henry argues that the Preamble should instead read as â€Å"We the States† which in turn delegated power to the union. Another argument of the Anti-Federalists is the claim that the central government and, therefore, the central power might result to a revival of the monarchic type of rule reminiscent of the British Empire which the Patriots fought. The fear is that, by delegating a considerable amount of power to the central government, the liberties of the individual states and the people are weakened as a result.Nevertheless, the Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787 and later rati fied in each of the state conventions held. The anti-federalists share a significant role in strengthening some of the points of the Constitution through the succeeding amendments. The first ten amendments to the Constitution are popularly known as the Bill of Rights; it is largely influenced by the arguments of the anti-federalists. For the most part, the Bill of Rights aimed to guarantee that Congress shall not create laws which stand against the rights and liberties of the citizens of the nation.In effect, the Bill of Rights limits the power of the federal government in order to secure the liberties of the people in the United States. In â€Å"Federalist No. 84,† Alexander Hamilton argues against the Bill of Rights for the reason that the American citizens will not have to necessarily surrender their rights as a result of the ratification of the Constitution and, thus, the protection of the rights through the Bill is unnecessary. Moreover, Hamilton also argues that creatin g a Bill of Rights would effectively limit the rights of the people since those that are not listed in the Bill will not be considered as rights.In response to the argument, the Ninth Amendment to the Constitution was introduced and ratified later on. The amendment specifically states that the rights of the people are not to be limited to those which are listed in the Constitution. As it can be observed, the time before and during the ratification of the Constitution and the succeeding amendments made reflect how the people at the time sought to protect the liberties that they have realized and gained after the American Revolution and the defeat of the British Empire.Moreover, the debates at that time revolved around the issue of what to do with the liberties gained and how to secure them for the coming generations. One side—the Anti-Federalists—argues that the central government weakens the independence and sovereignty of the states as well as the rights and liberties of the people. The other side—the Federalists—argues that the Constitution will help preserve and strengthen the Union. Modern debates In the years that followed, debates over the interpretation of the Constitution, the role of the government and the place of the individual in American society have escalated.In his essay â€Å"Resistance to Civil Government† (popularly known as â€Å"Civil Disobedience†) first published in 1849, Henry David Thoreau asserts that the people should not simply remain passive and allow the government to be an agent of injustice. Much of Thoreau’s political beliefs eventually follow that same philosophy. In his work Walden published in 1854, Thoreau attempts to live a life of solitude in a cabin, away from the reaches of the society. In one of his days in Walden, Thoreau was arrested for the charge of not paying his taxes. His defense was that he refuses to pay federal taxes to a government that tolerates slavery.In ess ence, the fact that Thoreau decided to stay in solitude for approximately two years (although the contents of Walden was made to appear as though all the events happened within just a year) signifies his decision not to conform to the dictates of the society. On the contrary, Thoreau lived a life of liberty, free to do anything that he chooses without the institutions of society restraining him. The same sentiment—non-conformity or disobedience to the dictates of the society, especially the government—echoes through in Thoreau’s other work, which is â€Å"Civil Disobedience†.Thoreau asserts that â€Å"the only obligation which I have a right to assume is to do at any time what I think [is] right† (Thoreau, http://sniggle. net/Experiment/index. php? entry=rtcg#p04). That passage, along with the rest of â€Å"Civil Disobedience† and its theme in general, implies that people have an inherent liberty, which is the liberty to do any time what the y think is right. Taken altogether in the context of the concept of liberty, Thoreau seems to suggest that people ought to disobey a government that oppresses other people since each individual has inalienable rights that nobody can take away, not even the government.In the face of oppression such as slavery (which was still very much a part of America within twenty years after the ratification of the original Constitution since the issue of slavery was a very delicate and contentious matter during the Philadelphia Convention), Thoreau even suggested that Abolitionists should not only confine themselves with the mere thought of abolishing slavery but resisting the instructions of the government such as paying taxes.Thus, as a reading of Thoreau’s works would suggest, to have liberty is to act upon crucial issues instead of passively allowing contentious actions of the government to thrive and continue. I cannot help but think that Thoreau’s concept of liberty is someth ing that is absolute, which I also take to mean as confined only within one’s disposition instead of being limited by the government. Moreover, since Thoreau suggests that liberty is doing any time what one thinks is right an individual should first know if what he or she thinks is indeed right instead of being wrong.Charles Madison notes that Thoreau was heavily concerned with the â€Å"ever pressing problem of how one might earn a living and remain free† (Madison, p. 110). I cannot help but begin to think that Thoreau attempts at embodying and enacting his individualistic beliefs. As Leigh Kathryn Jenco argues, â€Å"The theory and practice of democracy fundamentally conflict with Thoreau’s conviction in moral autonomy and conscientious action† (Jenco, p.355); democracy is essentially the rule of the majority which consequently ignores the decisions of the minority. However, I think that much of Thoreau’s thoughts were heavily influenced by the c ircumstances during his time. His aversion towards the imposed taxation policy of the government stems from the fact that the government at that time still tolerates slavery which is directly against an individual’s liberty.Thoreau’s insight on the perceived conflict between the liberties being upheld by the Constitution and the actual state of the government during his time points us to the ideal that the people are sovereign because the people is the ultimate source of power of the government. If it is indeed the case that the Constitution upholds the rights of individuals including the right to liberty, it seems appropriate to consider as well why slavery at that time was not immediately abolished entirely especially at the time when the Constitution was ratified.In fact, it was only in 1865 under the Thirteenth Amendment—about 80 years after the original Constitution was adopted—when slavery was legally abolished and when Congress was given the power to finally enforce abolition. During the time when slavery was not yet abolished and immediately after the original Constitution was ratified, it can be said that not all citizens living in America were given full liberties. Several people were still laboring as slaves to their American masters.That is perhaps an often neglected piece of history that undermines the spirit of creating a Constitution and a government that will uphold the rights of the people. The pre-American Revolutionary war, the founding era, the ratification of the original Constitution, the creation of the Bill of Rights and the other succeeding amendments to the Constitution—all these stand as testimonies to the evolution of American political thought. The concept of liberty has played an important role in the development of the federal government and the Constitution.Although the history of American political thought might reveal that the attainment of liberty through the years has never been a smooth jo urney, contemporary America has reaped a large amount of benefits from the sacrifices and ideas of the Founding Fathers and all the people who lived and died during those times. Some might even argue that liberty is yet to be truly attained in today’s American society. But if liberty is yet to be attained in practice, how is it possible that people are given the right to air their grievances before the government?How is it possible that people have the liberty to do as they please so long as what they do does not conflict with what is legal? In any case, the present American Constitution guarantees the liberty of the people and that there are institutions which seek to promote and guard that important right. Had it been the case that the early Americans swallowed everything that the British Empire throw in their way and that the Founding Fathers abandoned the creation and amendment of the Constitution, the United States of America would not have been the land of the free and the home of the brave.Works Cited Bobrick, Benson. Fight for Freedom: The American Revolutionary War. 1st ed. New York, NY: Atheneum, 2004. Groom, Nick. â€Å"The Fourth of July and the Founding of America, by Peter De Bolla†. 2007. Independent. Co. Uk. October 16 2008. . Hamilton, Alexander, James Madison, and John Jay. The Federalist, on the New Constitution. 1787. October 18, 2008 . Jenco, Leigh Kathryn. â€Å"Thoreau’s Critique of Democracy. † The Review of Politics 65. 3 (2003): 355-81. Jensen, Merrill. The Founding of a Nation: A History of the American Revolution 1763-1776. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company, 2004. Kobylka, Joseph F. , and Bradley Kent Carter. â€Å"Madison, The Federalist, & the Constitutional Order: Human Nature & Institutional Structure. † Polity 20.2 (1987): 190-208. Madison, Charles. â€Å"Henry David Thoreau: Transcendental Individualist. † Ethics 54. 2 (1944): 110-23. Sargent, Mark L. â€Å"The Conservative Covenant: The Rise of the Mayflower Compact in American Myth. † The New England Quarterly 61. 2 (1988): 233-51. Thoreau, Henry David. â€Å"Resistance to Civil Government†. 1849. October 18 2008. . â€Å"Virginia Records Timeline: 1553-1743†. The Library of Congress. October 17 2008. .